¡Aquí manda el Comando Matico! Etnografía de una propuesta de salud intercultural shipiba en tiempos de pandemia
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente estudio etnográfico analiza la construcción autogestionaria y colectiva de una
estrategia de salud intercultural popular y crítica, alternativa a la propuesta por el Estado
peruano, que apareció como una respuesta indígena urbana a la emergencia social y sanitaria
vivida durante la pandemia. El estudio de caso del Comando Matico COVID-19, colectivo
shipibo que nació en los asentamientos humanos de Yarinacocha, muestra una manera de
concebir la salud intercultural desde una posición subalterna y disidente respecto a la
estrategia sanitaria que el modelo biomédico impuso a través de las políticas de salud
globales que dispuso la Organización Mundial de la Salud a todos los Estados nacionales
para lidiar con el coronavirus. Los miembros del Comando Matico cuestionaron, mediante
su discurso y sus prácticas, dichas prácticas de control social, tales como el aislamiento de
los enfermos y el distanciamiento, medidas ajenas a su realidad social y su cultura de salud
tradicional. En su lugar, se afirmó un protocolo de acompañamiento de los enfermos y el
empoderamiento de las familias a través de la difusión de métodos caseros de tratamiento
con plantas como el matico (Piper aduncum), que se convirtieron en símbolo de resistencia
popular a la enfermedad en un contexto político y económico nacional de captura del sector
sanitario por los intereses privados, falta de rectoría del Ministerio de Salud, y problemáticas
propias de una descentralización incompleta e ineficaz del sistema de salud. Los hallazgos
del presente estudio permiten comprender, en primer lugar, las circunstancias de injusticia
social en las que este colectivo fue creado como una medida de lucha y supervivencia ante el
abandono del Estado; en segunda instancia, el papel importante que jugó la ciudadanía
indígena organizada en un contexto urbano en la creación de otras formas de entender la
salud, y atender las necesidades de cuidado y sanación de la población. Así, se muestran los
puntos ciegos del paradigma biomédico y el Estado durante la pandemia. Los resultados de
este estudio ofrecen aportes importantes para la elaboración de una política de salud
intercultural que responda realmente a las exigencias de los usuarios indígenas y no
indígenas.
This ethnographic study analyzes the self-managed and collective construction of a popular and critical intercultural health strategy, alternative to that proposed by the Peruvian State, which emerged as an urban indigenous response to the social and health emergency experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case study of the Matico Command, a Shipibo-Konibo collective that emerged in the human settlements of Yarinacocha, shows a way of conceiving intercultural health from a subaltern and dissenting position, at odds with the health strategy that the biomedical model underlying the policies designed by the World Health Organization policies for all states to deal with Coronavirus. Through their discourse and praxis, the members of the Matico Command questioned these control measures, such as social distancing and the isolation of the ill, practices that are foreign and inattentive to their social reality and traditional health culture. Instead, they established a protocol for accompanying the sick and empowering families through the dissemination of home treatment methods using plants such as matico (Piper aduncum). These treatments became a symbol of popular resistance to the disease in a national political and economic context characterized by the capture of the healthcare sector by private interests, a lack of leadership from the Ministry of Health and other problems, inherent to an incomplete and ineffective decentralization of the healthcare system. This study’s findings allow us to understand, firstly, the circumstances of social injustice in which this collective was created as a measure of struggle and survival in the face of state abandonment; secondly, the important role played by organized indigenous citizenship in an urban context in creating other ways of understanding health and addressing the healthcare needs of the population. Thus, the blind spots of the biomedical paradigm deployed by the State during the pandemic are revealed. A significant contribution is made by this study toward the development of an intercultural health policy that truly responds to the demands of indigenous and non-indigenous users.
This ethnographic study analyzes the self-managed and collective construction of a popular and critical intercultural health strategy, alternative to that proposed by the Peruvian State, which emerged as an urban indigenous response to the social and health emergency experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case study of the Matico Command, a Shipibo-Konibo collective that emerged in the human settlements of Yarinacocha, shows a way of conceiving intercultural health from a subaltern and dissenting position, at odds with the health strategy that the biomedical model underlying the policies designed by the World Health Organization policies for all states to deal with Coronavirus. Through their discourse and praxis, the members of the Matico Command questioned these control measures, such as social distancing and the isolation of the ill, practices that are foreign and inattentive to their social reality and traditional health culture. Instead, they established a protocol for accompanying the sick and empowering families through the dissemination of home treatment methods using plants such as matico (Piper aduncum). These treatments became a symbol of popular resistance to the disease in a national political and economic context characterized by the capture of the healthcare sector by private interests, a lack of leadership from the Ministry of Health and other problems, inherent to an incomplete and ineffective decentralization of the healthcare system. This study’s findings allow us to understand, firstly, the circumstances of social injustice in which this collective was created as a measure of struggle and survival in the face of state abandonment; secondly, the important role played by organized indigenous citizenship in an urban context in creating other ways of understanding health and addressing the healthcare needs of the population. Thus, the blind spots of the biomedical paradigm deployed by the State during the pandemic are revealed. A significant contribution is made by this study toward the development of an intercultural health policy that truly responds to the demands of indigenous and non-indigenous users.
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Salud pública--Perú--Yarinacocha (Ucayali : Distrito), Multiculturalismo--Perú--Yarinacocha (Ucayali : Distrito), Pandemia de COVID-19, 2020- --Aspectos sociales--Perú--Yarinacocha (Ucayali : Distrito), Shipibos--Perú--Yarinacocha (Ucayali : Distrito)
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