Políticas públicas y conflictos en territorios indígenas en el marco de los procesos de titulación de los pueblos indígenas. Caso Pueblo Indígena Alto Tamaya - Saweto
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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A pesar de que sistema jurídico peruano, reconoce legalmente la existencia de los
pueblos indígenas, otorgándoles personería jurídica y garantizando su integridad territorial,
mediante procedimientos formales para la titulación de sus territorios, en estos procesos se
presentan una serie de conflictos y dificultades. Pese a ello, el Estado no ha aprobado
formalmente una política pública que garantice la titulación de los territorios indígenas en la
Amazonia, por lo que el presente estudió basa su análisis en la existencia de las acciones,
programas, lineamientos y decisiones estatales para abordar la relación Estado - pueblo
indígena y territorio, reconociéndola como una ¨política pública implícita¨ a la cual
denominamos “Política pública de reconocimiento y titulación de los territorios de los pueblos
indígenas amazónicos”
En ese marco, se puede decir que el inadecuado diseño e implantación de la política
pública sobre titulación de pueblos indígenas, plasmado en un marco normativo e institucional
desordenado y a veces contradictorio, dificultan el cumplimiento de los fines, objetivos y
estrategia de intervención estatal, para solucionar el problema de titulación de territorios
indígenas.
Asimismo, la desarticulada actuación estatal sobre los problemas trasversales que
afectan a la población indígena especialmente por su ubicación geográfica, la inadecuada
implementación de la política de desarrollo e integración fronteriza, así como, el avance de
economías ilegales como la tala ilegal y el narcotráfico, ha generado que estas actividades
ilícitas se intensifiquen en los territorios indígenas, la mayoría ubicados en zonas de frontera,
que sirvan como corredores del narcotráfico.
Estas actividades ilegales, sumado a una deficiente implementación de la política
forestal y de saneamiento físico legal de las propiedad agraria en la amazonia, la ineficaz
actuación de las direcciones regionales agrarias para operar los procedimientos
administrativos de titulación y la inadecuada rectoría del Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego para
dirigir la política titulación de territorios indígenas, genera conflictos sobre territorios
indígenas, que al no ser resueltos, paralizan su proceso de titulación, dejando en indefensión
a estos pueblos.
En el caso del pueblo indígena de Alto Tamaya- Saweto, este ha visto limitado su
derecho a obtener el título de propiedad de su territorio indígena, debido a una inadecuada
implementación de política pública de reconocimiento y titulación de territorios de pueblos
indígenas y conflictos con terceros, generados por la superposición de derechos sobre su
territorio.
El inadecuado diseño e implementación de la política pública de titulación de territorios
indígena y otras políticas sectoriales, así como, el funcionamiento interno del Estado en el
diseño e implementación de estas políticas causan conflictos y dificultades en los procesos
de titulación.
Por otro lado, la política en el sector forestal y de saneamiento físico legal de la
propiedad agraria en el sector agricultura, generan superposición de derechos sobre
territorios indígenas, entre Bosques de Producción Permanente, concesionarios de unidades
de aprovechamiento forestal y posesionarios de predios agrarios (colonos). Estas
superposiciones de derechos sobre un mismo territorio generan conflictos que, al no ser
resueltos, paralizan los procesos de titulación y facilitan el avance de economías ilegales
como la tala ilegal y el narcotráfico, que han cobrado la vida de varios dirigentes y pobladores
indígenas, como la de Edwin Chota Valera.
Although the Peruvian legal system legally recognizes the existence of indigenous peoples, granting them legal status and guaranteeing their territorial integrity through formal procedures for the titling of their territories, these processes present a series of conflicts and difficulties. Despite this, the State has not formally approved a public policy guaranteeing the titling of indigenous territories in the Amazon. Therefore, this study bases its analysis on the existence of state actions, programs, guidelines, and decisions addressing the relationship between the State, indigenous peoples, and their territories, recognizing it as an "implicit public policy" which we call the "Public Policy for the Recognition and Titling of the Territories of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples." Within this framework, it can be said that the inadequate design and implementation of the public policy on titling indigenous peoples, embodied in a disorganized and sometimes contradictory regulatory and institutional framework, hinders the fulfillment of the aims, objectives, and strategy of state intervention to solve the problem of titling indigenous territories. Furthermore, the disjointed state response to the cross-cutting problems affecting the indigenous population, especially due to their geographic location, the inadequate implementation of border development and integration policies, and the expansion of illegal economies such as illegal logging and drug trafficking, have led to an intensification of these illicit activities in indigenous territories, most of which are located in border areas that serve as drug trafficking corridors. These illegal activities, coupled with the deficient implementation of forestry policy and the legal regularization of agricultural property in the Amazon, the ineffective performance of regional agricultural offices in managing land titling procedures, and the inadequate leadership vii of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation in directing the titling policy for indigenous territories, generate conflicts over indigenous lands. When these conflicts remain unresolved, they paralyze the titling process, leaving these communities defenseless. In the case of the indigenous community of Alto Tamaya-Saweto, their right to obtain title to their indigenous territory has been limited due to the inadequate implementation of public policy for the recognition and titling of indigenous territories and conflicts with third parties arising from overlapping rights over their land. The inadequate design and implementation of public policy for titling indigenous territories and other sectoral policies, as well as the internal functioning of the State in the design and implementation of these policies, cause conflicts and difficulties in the titling processes. Furthermore, policies in the forestry sector and the legal regularization of agrarian property in the agricultural sector generate overlapping rights over indigenous territories among Permanent Production Forests, concession holders of forestry harvesting units, and possessors of agricultural lands (settlers). These overlapping rights over the same territory generate conflicts that, if left unresolved, paralyze the titling processes and facilitate the advance of illegal economies such as illegal logging and drug trafficking, which have claimed the lives of several indigenous leaders and residents, such as Edwin Chota Valera.
Although the Peruvian legal system legally recognizes the existence of indigenous peoples, granting them legal status and guaranteeing their territorial integrity through formal procedures for the titling of their territories, these processes present a series of conflicts and difficulties. Despite this, the State has not formally approved a public policy guaranteeing the titling of indigenous territories in the Amazon. Therefore, this study bases its analysis on the existence of state actions, programs, guidelines, and decisions addressing the relationship between the State, indigenous peoples, and their territories, recognizing it as an "implicit public policy" which we call the "Public Policy for the Recognition and Titling of the Territories of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples." Within this framework, it can be said that the inadequate design and implementation of the public policy on titling indigenous peoples, embodied in a disorganized and sometimes contradictory regulatory and institutional framework, hinders the fulfillment of the aims, objectives, and strategy of state intervention to solve the problem of titling indigenous territories. Furthermore, the disjointed state response to the cross-cutting problems affecting the indigenous population, especially due to their geographic location, the inadequate implementation of border development and integration policies, and the expansion of illegal economies such as illegal logging and drug trafficking, have led to an intensification of these illicit activities in indigenous territories, most of which are located in border areas that serve as drug trafficking corridors. These illegal activities, coupled with the deficient implementation of forestry policy and the legal regularization of agricultural property in the Amazon, the ineffective performance of regional agricultural offices in managing land titling procedures, and the inadequate leadership vii of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation in directing the titling policy for indigenous territories, generate conflicts over indigenous lands. When these conflicts remain unresolved, they paralyze the titling process, leaving these communities defenseless. In the case of the indigenous community of Alto Tamaya-Saweto, their right to obtain title to their indigenous territory has been limited due to the inadequate implementation of public policy for the recognition and titling of indigenous territories and conflicts with third parties arising from overlapping rights over their land. The inadequate design and implementation of public policy for titling indigenous territories and other sectoral policies, as well as the internal functioning of the State in the design and implementation of these policies, cause conflicts and difficulties in the titling processes. Furthermore, policies in the forestry sector and the legal regularization of agrarian property in the agricultural sector generate overlapping rights over indigenous territories among Permanent Production Forests, concession holders of forestry harvesting units, and possessors of agricultural lands (settlers). These overlapping rights over the same territory generate conflicts that, if left unresolved, paralyze the titling processes and facilitate the advance of illegal economies such as illegal logging and drug trafficking, which have claimed the lives of several indigenous leaders and residents, such as Edwin Chota Valera.
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Palabras clave
Territorialidad--Política pública--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Titulación de tierras--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Conflictos sociales--Perú--Amazonía, Región
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