De lo rural a lo urbano: Hacienda, migración y reforma agraria en las provincias de Chancay y Cajatambo 1940- 2020
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
En las provincias limeñas de Chancay y Cajatambo los principales cambios sociales y políticos
ocurridos durante los últimos 80 años se han originado por múltiples causas, como la ocupación
de las haciendas, la desestructuración poblacional por las migraciones hasta la conciencia y lucha
por reivindicar los derechos ciudadanos. Desde esta perspectiva, la presente investigación tiene
por objetivo determinar las formas en que la migración y la reforma agraria intensificaron los
cambios en las estructuras sociales, demográficas, políticas y económicas de las provincias de
Chancay y Cajatambo entre 1940 y 2020. Por tal motivo, se ha utilizado un diseño metodológico
mixto. Así, mediante el análisis cuantitativo de las estadísticas del INEI y el análisis cualitativo,
se puede advertir diversos y hasta dramáticos cambios en la evolución de ambas provincias. Esto
fue complementado con el trabajo sociológico, histórico y etnográfico para tener mayor
conocimiento del tema. El abordaje de la temática estudiada ha permitido llegar a la conclusión
de que las provincias de Chancay y Cajatambo han concitado interés para su aprovechamiento
económico y político debido a su peculiar estructura social, su geografía y su diversidad
ecológica, por ello, su constante fraccionamiento ha respondido más a intereses particulares de
grupos de poder antes que al propio beneficio de sus pueblos. En este sentido, la reforma agraria
se proyectó como un proceso político, social y económico de enorme importancia que pretendía
reivindicar los derechos del campesino a la tierra que trabajaba, que en cierta forma fue posible,
pero los cambios modernizantes en el sentido en que se desarrollaron y las migraciones se
encargaron de que este proceso fuera adverso, dando origen a una gran diferencia entre ciudad
y campo, en beneficio de la primera y en el estancamiento del segundo; luego se advirtió que las
brechas sociales se ampliaron aún más, pues los beneficiados fueron los inversionistas, grandes
comerciantes y los nuevos grupos de poder generados en este complejo proceso. Finalmente,
concluimos que el desarrollo sostenible de esta importante zona geopolítica y estratégica para la
inversión diversa y agroindustrial dependerá de su propia gente, de sus autoridades, así como
del aprovechamiento del capital social de esta zona de la Costa Central y Sierra Central del país.
The urban-rural structure of the towns and cities of Peru has undergone various historical processes, depending on their geographical structure. For instance, in the provinces of Chancay and Cajatambo, the changes have depended on multiple factors, including the occupation by the haciendas, an accelerated restructuring due to migrations and also the awareness of the citizens themselves about their rights. From this perspective, our research aims to determine the ways in which migration and agrarian reform have caused changes in the traditional haciendas of these provinces between 1940 and 2020. For this reason, we have used a mixed methodological design. Thus, through the quantitative analysis of statistics provided by the INEI and the qualitative technique, we can identify most of the changes that occurred over time. This was complemented with ethnographic work so that we have a full understanding of our subject. Having addressed the issue, we have come to the conclusion conclude that the Chancay and Cajatambo valleys have always been of great interest in the country due to their good geographical location and their variety of ecological floors, therefore, the decisions of its constant fractionation have responded to particular interests of specific social groups rather than to the benefit of its inhabitants. In this sense, the agrarian reform from the State was projected as a very important political act that sought to vindicate the rights of the peasants, but the modernizing changes and migrations ensured that this process did not culminate totally; quite the opposite, over time it was seen that the social gaps have continued to widen, since the main beneficiaries of the reforms have been only the capitalist investors or new power groups. Finally, this area continues to be strategic with great projection for diverse and mainly agro-industrial investment, but it will depend basically on the vision and action of its people, its authorities, as well as the use of social capital so that true development for all can be achieved.
The urban-rural structure of the towns and cities of Peru has undergone various historical processes, depending on their geographical structure. For instance, in the provinces of Chancay and Cajatambo, the changes have depended on multiple factors, including the occupation by the haciendas, an accelerated restructuring due to migrations and also the awareness of the citizens themselves about their rights. From this perspective, our research aims to determine the ways in which migration and agrarian reform have caused changes in the traditional haciendas of these provinces between 1940 and 2020. For this reason, we have used a mixed methodological design. Thus, through the quantitative analysis of statistics provided by the INEI and the qualitative technique, we can identify most of the changes that occurred over time. This was complemented with ethnographic work so that we have a full understanding of our subject. Having addressed the issue, we have come to the conclusion conclude that the Chancay and Cajatambo valleys have always been of great interest in the country due to their good geographical location and their variety of ecological floors, therefore, the decisions of its constant fractionation have responded to particular interests of specific social groups rather than to the benefit of its inhabitants. In this sense, the agrarian reform from the State was projected as a very important political act that sought to vindicate the rights of the peasants, but the modernizing changes and migrations ensured that this process did not culminate totally; quite the opposite, over time it was seen that the social gaps have continued to widen, since the main beneficiaries of the reforms have been only the capitalist investors or new power groups. Finally, this area continues to be strategic with great projection for diverse and mainly agro-industrial investment, but it will depend basically on the vision and action of its people, its authorities, as well as the use of social capital so that true development for all can be achieved.
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Palabras clave
Haciendas--Perú--Chancay (Lima : Distrito), Haciendas--Perú--Cajatambo (Lima : Provincia), Reforma agraria--Perú--Chancay (Lima : Distrito), Reforma agraria--Perú--Cajatambo (Lima : Provincia), Estructura social--Perú--Chancay (Lima : Distrito), Estructura social--Perú--Cajatambo (Lima : Provincia), Migración rural-urbana--Perú--Chancay (Lima : Distrito), Migración rural-urbana--Perú--Cajatambo (Lima : Provincia)
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