Informe jurídico sobre la Sentencia de Apelación ICC- 01/05-01/08 A – El Fiscal v. J.P.B.G.
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente informe jurídico realiza un análisis de la sentencia emitida por la Sala de
Apelaciones de la Corte Penal Internacional en el caso Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, con
el objetivo de determinar si dicha Sala aplicó correctamente los estándares jurídicos de
la responsabilidad penal del superior jerárquico reconocidos en el artículo 28(a) del
Estatuto de Roma. Al respecto, se sostiene que la interpretación del artículo 28(a) debe
realizarse conforme a los métodos de interpretación jurídica previstos en el artículo 31
de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados de 1969, siempre y cuando
se armonicen con el principio de legalidad, y recurriendo a la jurisprudencia internacional
relevante.
Se concluye que la Sala de Apelaciones cometió varios errores metodológicos. En
primer lugar, adoptó una interpretación formal del artículo 74(2) del Estatuto de Roma,
al anular cargos confirmados sin valorar si Bemba tuvo conocimiento suficiente de los
hechos y la capacidad de ejercer su derecho de defensa. En segundo lugar, se advierte
que la Sala de Apelaciones omitió analizar de manera autónoma el requisito de control
efectivo y el grado de conocimiento de Bemba, a pesar de ser condiciones previas para
evaluar las medidas adoptadas por el superior. En tercer lugar, la Sala de Apelaciones
abre la posibilidad de que los comandantes realicen un análisis costo-beneficio antes de
tomar medidas frente a crímenes, lo cual desnaturaliza el sentido del artículo 28(a).
Finalmente, se reconoce que, si bien los móviles personales del superior no son
determinantes, sí pueden servir como indicios para valorar la necesidad de las medidas
adoptadas.
This legal report analyzes the judgment issued by the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court in the case of Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, with the aim of determining whether the Chamber correctly applied the legal standards of superior responsibility as recognized in Article 28(a) of the Rome Statute. In this regard, it is argued that the interpretation of Article 28(a) must follow the methods of legal interpretation set out in Article 31 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, provided that these are harmonized with the principle of legality and supported by relevant international jurisprudence. The report concludes that the Appeals Chamber committed several methodological errors. First, it adopted a formal interpretation of Article 74(2) of the Rome Statute by annulling confirmed charges without assessing whether Bemba had sufficient knowledge of the facts and the ability to exercise his right to defense. Second, the Appeals Chamber failed to independently examine the requirements of effective control and Bemba’s degree of knowledge, despite these being necessary conditions for evaluating the measures taken by the superior. Third, the Chamber opened the door for commanders to conduct a cost-benefit analysis before taking action in response to crimes, which distorts the purpose of Article 28(a). Finally, it is recognized that while a superior’s personal motives are not determinative, they may serve as indicators for assessing the necessity of the measures taken.
This legal report analyzes the judgment issued by the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court in the case of Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, with the aim of determining whether the Chamber correctly applied the legal standards of superior responsibility as recognized in Article 28(a) of the Rome Statute. In this regard, it is argued that the interpretation of Article 28(a) must follow the methods of legal interpretation set out in Article 31 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, provided that these are harmonized with the principle of legality and supported by relevant international jurisprudence. The report concludes that the Appeals Chamber committed several methodological errors. First, it adopted a formal interpretation of Article 74(2) of the Rome Statute by annulling confirmed charges without assessing whether Bemba had sufficient knowledge of the facts and the ability to exercise his right to defense. Second, the Appeals Chamber failed to independently examine the requirements of effective control and Bemba’s degree of knowledge, despite these being necessary conditions for evaluating the measures taken by the superior. Third, the Chamber opened the door for commanders to conduct a cost-benefit analysis before taking action in response to crimes, which distorts the purpose of Article 28(a). Finally, it is recognized that while a superior’s personal motives are not determinative, they may serve as indicators for assessing the necessity of the measures taken.
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Derecho penal--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Corte Penal Internacional, Derecho penal internacional--Jurisprudencia--Perú
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