Desarrollo rural en el Perú: Análisis comparativo de las provincias de Casma y Yungay, Áncash (2009-2019)
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2025-04-01
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Abstract
Las brechas económicas, sociales y territoriales siguen siendo un problema
vigente en el Perú. La desigualdad territorial marca las diferencias en las
condiciones de vida de las personas que residen en zonas urbanas y las que
residen en zonas rurales. La pobreza y la pobreza extrema se agudizan más en las
áreas rurales y se asocian con altos niveles de desnutrición, mortalidad infantil, y
una menor esperanza de vida, lo cual afecta la calidad de vida de las personas que
habitan los territorios rurales. A pesar de las políticas sociales implementadas en los
territorios, las brechas de desarrollo persisten. Frente a esta problemática, resulta
necesario entender los niveles de desarrollo en las zonas rurales y los factores que
explican las diferencias territoriales.
El objetivo de esta tesis es explicar el avance del desarrollo en áreas rurales
y examinar el papel de las políticas sociales y los actores involucrados en su
implementación. El argumento central de la tesis sostiene que el desarrollo rural se
debe fundamentalmente a dos factores independientes entre sí pero no excluyentes:
(1) la articulación de las autoridades y burócratas de distintos niveles de gobierno en
la implementación de las políticas sociales y (2) la existencia de coaliciones
territoriales. Para ello, se contrastan dos casos de estudio, la provincia de Casma,
donde hubo avances en el desarrollo rural, y la provincia de Yungay, donde hubo
retrocesos en el desarrollo rural, en el mismo periodo de tiempo (2009-2019). El
diseño de investigación es observacional con enfoque subnacional comparativo, con
una muestra pequeña y la metodología propuesta es cualitativa, basada en
entrevistas semi-estructuradas. La tesis contribuye a la investigación existente sobre
el desarrollo rural en América Latina al resaltar la relevancia de factores políticos en
la comprensión de este fenómeno, complementando así las tradicionales variables
económicas y sociológicas.
Economic, social, and territorial gaps remain a pressing issue in Peru. Territorial inequality marks differences in living conditions between urban and rural areas. Poverty and extreme poverty are more acute in rural areas and are associated with high levels of malnutrition, infant mortality, and lower life expectancy, affecting the quality of life of rural residents. Despite social policies implemented in these territories, development gaps persist. Given this issue, it is crucial to understand the levels of development in rural areas and the factors explaining territorial differences. The aim of this thesis is to explain the progress of rural development and examine the role of social policies and the actors involved in their implementation. The central argument of the thesis maintains that rural development is fundamentally due to two independent but not mutually exclusive factors: the articulation of authorities and bureaucrats from different levels of government in the implementation of social policies and the existence of territorial coalitions. To do this, two case studies are contrasted: the province of Casma, where there were advances in rural development, and the province of Yungay, where there were setbacks in rural development, over the same period of time (2009-2019). The research design is observational with a comparative subnational approach, with a small sample, and the proposed methodology is qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews with key actors. The thesis contributes to existing research on rural development in Latin America by highlighting the relevance of political factors in understanding this phenomenon, thus complementing traditional economic and sociological variables.
Economic, social, and territorial gaps remain a pressing issue in Peru. Territorial inequality marks differences in living conditions between urban and rural areas. Poverty and extreme poverty are more acute in rural areas and are associated with high levels of malnutrition, infant mortality, and lower life expectancy, affecting the quality of life of rural residents. Despite social policies implemented in these territories, development gaps persist. Given this issue, it is crucial to understand the levels of development in rural areas and the factors explaining territorial differences. The aim of this thesis is to explain the progress of rural development and examine the role of social policies and the actors involved in their implementation. The central argument of the thesis maintains that rural development is fundamentally due to two independent but not mutually exclusive factors: the articulation of authorities and bureaucrats from different levels of government in the implementation of social policies and the existence of territorial coalitions. To do this, two case studies are contrasted: the province of Casma, where there were advances in rural development, and the province of Yungay, where there were setbacks in rural development, over the same period of time (2009-2019). The research design is observational with a comparative subnational approach, with a small sample, and the proposed methodology is qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews with key actors. The thesis contributes to existing research on rural development in Latin America by highlighting the relevance of political factors in understanding this phenomenon, thus complementing traditional economic and sociological variables.
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Desarrollo rural--Perú--Casma (Ancash : Provincia), Desarrollo rural--Perú--Yungay (Ancash : Provincia), Investigaciones evaluativas (Programas de acción social)--Perú--Casma (Ancash : Provincia), Investigaciones evaluativas (Programas de acción social)--Perú--Yungay (Ancash : Provincia)
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