Rehabilitación por derrames de hidrocarburos en la Amazonía y gobernanza ambiental
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El principal riesgo de la industria de explotación de hidrocarburos son los derrames, los cuales
constituyen una seria problemática socioambiental por su toxicidad para los seres vivos
(Bravo, 2007) y cuya óptima prevención no ha podido lograrse con la regulación ambiental
nacional (León, Zúñiga & Díaz, 2024 y Medrano, 2019).
Entre los años 2014 y 2019 se registraron aproximadamente dieciséis (16) derrames de
petróleo en el Tramo I del Oleoducto Norperuano (Medrano, 2019), tres (3) de los cuales se
produjeron en los kilómetros 15 y 20; ocasionando daños ecológicos en el ecosistema
amazónico, y la afectación de la comunidad nativa San Pedro (León & Zúñiga, 2018).
Estos eventos generaron prolongados conflictos ambientales, atención de la sociedad civil,
acciones legales de la comunidad de San Pedro, reportes de organizaciones no
gubernamentales y presión mediática sobre el gobierno y la empresa Petróleos del Perú -
Petroperú; sin embargo, a la fecha no se la logrado la descontaminación de las áreas
impactadas (Servindi, 2021 y OEFA, 2022a, 2022b, 2023a, 2023b, 2024).
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar los obstáculos sociales,
técnicos e institucionales que existen para la efectiva rehabilitación de las áreas afectadas
por derrames en la Amazonía peruana, desde el enfoque de la gobernanza ambiental, basada
en la información de casos priorizados: derrames de los kilómetros 15 y 20 del Tramo I del
ONP que ocurrieron entre los años 2014 y 2018.
En la presente investigación, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadores y ex
trabajadores de entidades públicas (Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental,
Ministerio de Energía y Minas), entidades privadas (Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo
y Energía y Petroperú), a la comunidad afectada por los derrames (autoridades y comuneros
de la comunidad nativa San Pedro de Urarinas y a entidades no gubernamentales.
Asimismo, se realizó la revisión de los reportes periodísticos y documentación asociada a los
derrames y casos similares.
Finalmente, se realizó la identificación de los principales factores limitantes encontrados
respecto del proceso de gestión de las áreas impactadas por los derrames, tanto
institucionales como legales, sociales y técnicos; y se categorizaron en el marco de los
principios de gobernanza efectiva para el desarrollo sostenible del Organización de las
Naciones Unidas (ONU, 2018).
La investigación mostró que el modelo de gobernanza ambiental relacionada a la gestión de
derrames en el Perú concentra la responsabilidad en los niveles más altos de autoridad
pública, siendo muy centralizada y limitando la participación ciudadana; asimismo, no cumple
con los principios de gobernanza efectiva para el desarrollo sostenible asociados a la
competencia, formulación de políticas sólidas, transparencia, colaboración, no dejar a nadie
atrás, no discriminación, participación y subsidiaridad, lo cual genera constantes conflictos y
un sentimiento de abandono del Estado por parte de la comunidad.
The main risk associated with the hydrocarbon extraction industry is oil spills, which represent a serious socio-environmental issue due to their toxicity to living beings (Bravo, 2007). Optimal prevention of such spills has not been achieved through national environmental regulations (León, Zúñiga & Díaz, 2024; Medrano, 2019). Between 2014 and 2019, approximately sixteen (16) oil spills were recorded along Section I of the Norperuvian Pipeline (Medrano, 2019), three (3) of which occurred at km 15 and 20. These incidents caused ecological damage to the Amazonian ecosystem and negatively affected the native community of San Pedro (León & Zúñiga, 2018). These events triggered prolonged environmental conflicts, drew the attention of civil society, led to legal actions by the San Pedro community, and generated reports by non-governmental organizations as well as media pressure on the government and the state-owned company Petroperu. However, currently, the decontamination of the impacted areas has not been achieved (Servindi, 2021; OEFA, 2022a, 2022b, 2023a, 2023b, 2024). This research aimed to explore the social, technical, and institutional obstacles to the effective rehabilitation of areas affected by oil spills in the Peruvian Amazon, from the perspective of environmental governance, based on information from prioritized cases: spills from kilometers 15 and 20 of Section I of the ONP that occurred between 2014 and 2018. For this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former workers of public entities (Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mines), private organizations (National Society of Mining, Petroleum and Energy, and Petroperu), members of the community affected by the spills (authorities and residents of the native community of San Pedro de Urarinas), and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, news reports and documentation related to the spills and similar cases were reviewed. Finally, the main limiting factors in the management of spill-impacted areas—whether institutional, legal, social, or technical—were identified and categorized according to the principles of effective governance for sustainable development established by the United Nations (UN, 2018). The research showed that the environmental governance model for spill management in Peru places responsibility in the highest levels of public authority, making it highly centralized and limiting citizen participation. Moreover, it does not comply with the principles of effective governance for sustainable development related to competence, sound policy-making, transparency, collaboration, leaving no one behind, non-discrimination, participation, and subsidiarity. creating conflicts
The main risk associated with the hydrocarbon extraction industry is oil spills, which represent a serious socio-environmental issue due to their toxicity to living beings (Bravo, 2007). Optimal prevention of such spills has not been achieved through national environmental regulations (León, Zúñiga & Díaz, 2024; Medrano, 2019). Between 2014 and 2019, approximately sixteen (16) oil spills were recorded along Section I of the Norperuvian Pipeline (Medrano, 2019), three (3) of which occurred at km 15 and 20. These incidents caused ecological damage to the Amazonian ecosystem and negatively affected the native community of San Pedro (León & Zúñiga, 2018). These events triggered prolonged environmental conflicts, drew the attention of civil society, led to legal actions by the San Pedro community, and generated reports by non-governmental organizations as well as media pressure on the government and the state-owned company Petroperu. However, currently, the decontamination of the impacted areas has not been achieved (Servindi, 2021; OEFA, 2022a, 2022b, 2023a, 2023b, 2024). This research aimed to explore the social, technical, and institutional obstacles to the effective rehabilitation of areas affected by oil spills in the Peruvian Amazon, from the perspective of environmental governance, based on information from prioritized cases: spills from kilometers 15 and 20 of Section I of the ONP that occurred between 2014 and 2018. For this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former workers of public entities (Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mines), private organizations (National Society of Mining, Petroleum and Energy, and Petroperu), members of the community affected by the spills (authorities and residents of the native community of San Pedro de Urarinas), and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, news reports and documentation related to the spills and similar cases were reviewed. Finally, the main limiting factors in the management of spill-impacted areas—whether institutional, legal, social, or technical—were identified and categorized according to the principles of effective governance for sustainable development established by the United Nations (UN, 2018). The research showed that the environmental governance model for spill management in Peru places responsibility in the highest levels of public authority, making it highly centralized and limiting citizen participation. Moreover, it does not comply with the principles of effective governance for sustainable development related to competence, sound policy-making, transparency, collaboration, leaving no one behind, non-discrimination, participation, and subsidiarity. creating conflicts
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Política ambiental--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Gestión ambiental--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Derrames de petróleo--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Amazonía, Región
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