Participación ciudadana y expansión de libertades en activistas afroperuanos
Date
2024-10-07
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La población afroperuana es un actor social y político que ha enfrentado
históricamente dos condiciones estructurales injustas: la pobreza y el racismo,
barreras que afectan el ejercicio pleno de sus libertades ciudadanas.
El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la participación
ciudadana y la expansión de libertades en activistas afroperuanos; atendiendo a
la influencia de las desigualdades persistentes –pobreza, racismo, exclusión,
ausencia de políticas públicas– y la interseccionalidad –ser mujer, discapacidad,
diversidad sexual, nivel educativo, centralismo.
La metodología empleada es cualitativa-exploratoria, mediante entrevistas con
seis activistas afroperuanos de Lima, Piura y Arequipa, con distintos niveles
educativos, grupos de edad e identidades de género. Se empleó una guía de
entrevista validada previamente mediante entrevistas piloto.
Se encuentra que la participación ciudadana se constituiría en una suma de
experiencias que dinamizan la expansión de capacidades y brinda a los activistas
afroperuanos la posibilidad de vivenciar, experimentar y aprender. La expansión
de libertades se reflejaría en que los activistas se reconocen los cambios en su
propio comportamiento y se auto perciben como personas valiosas y capaces
(poder personal), que han podido aprender y han superado sus propias
dificultades. La pobreza y el racismo influyen en la vida cotidiana de los activistas
afrodescendientes, además que otros grupos étnicos desfavorecidos desplazan
o ignoran la agenda del pueblo afrodescendiente. En cuanto a las
interseccionalidades, las vulnerabilidades de las personas afrodescendientes se
incrementan en las mujeres y en las personas con discapacidad, así como en
quienes pertenecen al colectivo LGBTIQ+. Los activistas además señalan que
por no contar con un mayor nivel educativo y al existir el centralismo (ser de
provincia y/o ser de los “conos” de Lima) no pueden acceder a espacios con
mayor poder de decisión; pudiendo entenderse esta marginación limeño-céntrica
como uno de los muchos rostros del racismo peruano.
The Afro-Peruvian population is a social and political actor that has historically faced two unjust structural conditions: poverty and racism, barriers that affect the full exercise of their citizen freedoms. The objective of the present study is to analyze the relationships between citizen participation and the expansion of freedoms in Afro-Peruvian activists; considering the influence of persistent inequalities – poverty, racism, exclusion, absence of public policies – and intersectionality – being a woman, disability, sexual diversity, educational level, centralism. The methodology used is qualitative-exploratory, through interviews with six Afro- Peruvian activists from Lima, Piura, and Arequipa, with different educational levels, age groups and gender identities. An interview guide previously validated through pilot interviews was used. It is found that citizen participation would constitute a sum of experiences that energize the expansion of capabilities and offers Afro-Peruvian activists the possibility of experiencing, experimenting, and learning. The expansion of freedoms would be reflected in the activists recognizing the changes in their own behavior and perceiving themselves as valuable and capable people (personal power), who have been able to learn and have overcome their own difficulties. Poverty and racism influence the daily lives of Afro-descendant activists, and other disadvantaged ethnic groups displace or ignore the agenda of Afrodescendant people. Regarding intersectionalities, the vulnerabilities of people of African descent increase in women and people with disabilities, as well as in those who belong to the LGBTIQ+ group. The activists also point out that because they do not have a higher educational level and because centralism exists (being from the province and/or being from the “cones” of Lima) they cannot access spaces with greater decision-making power; This Lima-centric marginalization can be understood as one of the many faces of Peruvian racism.
The Afro-Peruvian population is a social and political actor that has historically faced two unjust structural conditions: poverty and racism, barriers that affect the full exercise of their citizen freedoms. The objective of the present study is to analyze the relationships between citizen participation and the expansion of freedoms in Afro-Peruvian activists; considering the influence of persistent inequalities – poverty, racism, exclusion, absence of public policies – and intersectionality – being a woman, disability, sexual diversity, educational level, centralism. The methodology used is qualitative-exploratory, through interviews with six Afro- Peruvian activists from Lima, Piura, and Arequipa, with different educational levels, age groups and gender identities. An interview guide previously validated through pilot interviews was used. It is found that citizen participation would constitute a sum of experiences that energize the expansion of capabilities and offers Afro-Peruvian activists the possibility of experiencing, experimenting, and learning. The expansion of freedoms would be reflected in the activists recognizing the changes in their own behavior and perceiving themselves as valuable and capable people (personal power), who have been able to learn and have overcome their own difficulties. Poverty and racism influence the daily lives of Afro-descendant activists, and other disadvantaged ethnic groups displace or ignore the agenda of Afrodescendant people. Regarding intersectionalities, the vulnerabilities of people of African descent increase in women and people with disabilities, as well as in those who belong to the LGBTIQ+ group. The activists also point out that because they do not have a higher educational level and because centralism exists (being from the province and/or being from the “cones” of Lima) they cannot access spaces with greater decision-making power; This Lima-centric marginalization can be understood as one of the many faces of Peruvian racism.
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Keywords
Negros--Actividad política--Perú, Participación social--Perú, Negros en Perú--Condiciones sociales, Racismo--Perú, Enfoque basado en las capacidades (Ciencias sociales)
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