La representación de la protesta social en el discurso mediático: Análisis crítico de la cobertura periodística de las manifestaciones en enero del 2023
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Las protestas sociales en Perú durante enero de 2023, desencadenadas por la destitución
de Pedro Castillo y la designación de Dina Boluarte, evidenciaron la persistencia de brechas
históricas entre el Estado y las regiones andinas del sur, marcadas por exclusiones sociales
y económicas. En ese contexto, las demandas de renuncia presidencial, adelanto de
elecciones y nueva constitución se enfrentaron a una respuesta estatal con saldo de más
de 50 fallecidos y cientos de heridos. En este contexto, los medios de comunicación
desempeñaron un papel crucial en la construcción de discursos, actuando tanto como
transmisores de información como espacios de disputa ideológica.
Este estudio analiza el discurso de cuatro diarios peruanos (Perú21, La República, El
Comercio y El Peruano) mediante Análisis Crítico del Discurso articulado con la teoría de la
colonialidad del poder, el modelo tridimensional de Fairclough, el cuadrado ideológico de
van Dijk y la representación de actores sociales de van Leeuwen. Se trabajó con un corpus
de 60 portadas y, para un examen microdiscursivo, con un subcorpus de 12 portadas
correspondientes a tres días de alta conflictividad (20–22 de enero de 2023). Los hallazgos
muestran enfoques diferenciados: Perú21 tiende a criminalizar la protesta con énfasis
sensacionalista; La República visibiliza demandas y denuncia la represión; El Comercio
prioriza marcos de orden y gobernabilidad, con crítica focalizada hacia acciones asociadas
a la protesta (p. ej., bloqueos y episodios de violencia) y menor problematización de la
respuesta estatal; mientras que El Peruano legitima la actuación gubernamental.
En conjunto, los resultados confirman que el discurso mediático no es neutral y, desde un
enfoque decolonial, reproduce o disputa jerarquías y otredades. El estudio aporta evidencia
comparativa sobre marcos textuales y visuales en picos de conflictividad y pone a
disposición una matriz replicable de 16 categorías. Asimismo, propone una lectura
articulada texto–imagen–intertexto para examinar legitimaciones y responsabilizaciones.
En el plano profesional, las implicancias demandan criterios editoriales y éticos que eviten
la criminalización y promuevan coberturas pluralistas y responsables. Estos aportes buscan
contribuir a un debate público mejor informado y a prácticas periodísticas más conscientes
de su responsabilidad social.
Social protests in Peru in January 2023—triggered by the ouster of Pedro Castillo and the appointment of Dina Boluarte—laid bare persistent historical divides between the state and the Andean southern regions, marked by social and economic exclusion. In that setting, demands for presidential resignation, early elections, and a new constitution met a state response that left more than 50 people dead and hundreds injured. In this context, the media played a crucial role in constructing discourse, acting both as transmitters of information and as arenas of ideological contestation. This study analyzes the discourse of four Peruvian newspapers (Perú21, La República, El Comercio, and El Peruano) through Critical Discourse Analysis articulated with the theory of the coloniality of power, Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, van Dijk’s ideological square, and van Leeuwen’s representation of social actors. It works with a corpus of 60 front pages and, for a micro-discursive examination, a subcorpus of 12 front pages from three high-conflict days (20–22 January 2023). The findings show differentiated approaches: Perú21 tends to criminalize the protests with a sensationalist tone; La República foregrounds demands and denounces repression; El Comercio prioritizes frames of order and governability, with focused criticism directed at actions associated with the protests (e.g., roadblocks and episodes of violence) and less problematization of the state response; while El Peruano legitimizes governmental action. Taken together, the results confirm that news discourse is not neutral and, from a decolonial perspective, reproduces or contests hierarchies and othering. The study contributes comparative evidence on textual and visual framing at the peak of conflict and offers a replicable 16-category matrix for future research. It also advances an integrated text–image– intertext reading to examine legitimation and attributions of responsibility. At the professional level, the implications call for editorial and ethical criteria that avoid criminalization and promote pluralistic, responsible coverage. These contributions aim to inform public debate and encourage journalistic practices more attuned to their social responsibility.
Social protests in Peru in January 2023—triggered by the ouster of Pedro Castillo and the appointment of Dina Boluarte—laid bare persistent historical divides between the state and the Andean southern regions, marked by social and economic exclusion. In that setting, demands for presidential resignation, early elections, and a new constitution met a state response that left more than 50 people dead and hundreds injured. In this context, the media played a crucial role in constructing discourse, acting both as transmitters of information and as arenas of ideological contestation. This study analyzes the discourse of four Peruvian newspapers (Perú21, La República, El Comercio, and El Peruano) through Critical Discourse Analysis articulated with the theory of the coloniality of power, Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, van Dijk’s ideological square, and van Leeuwen’s representation of social actors. It works with a corpus of 60 front pages and, for a micro-discursive examination, a subcorpus of 12 front pages from three high-conflict days (20–22 January 2023). The findings show differentiated approaches: Perú21 tends to criminalize the protests with a sensationalist tone; La República foregrounds demands and denounces repression; El Comercio prioritizes frames of order and governability, with focused criticism directed at actions associated with the protests (e.g., roadblocks and episodes of violence) and less problematization of the state response; while El Peruano legitimizes governmental action. Taken together, the results confirm that news discourse is not neutral and, from a decolonial perspective, reproduces or contests hierarchies and othering. The study contributes comparative evidence on textual and visual framing at the peak of conflict and offers a replicable 16-category matrix for future research. It also advances an integrated text–image– intertext reading to examine legitimation and attributions of responsibility. At the professional level, the implications call for editorial and ethical criteria that avoid criminalization and promote pluralistic, responsible coverage. These contributions aim to inform public debate and encourage journalistic practices more attuned to their social responsibility.
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Manifestaciones--Perú--Siglo XXI, Periódicos--Perú, Análisis crítico del discurso, Representaciones sociales--Perú
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item.page.review
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