Fabricación y caracterización de bionanocompuestos a partir de Nostoc Commune
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Date
2025-01-15
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El constante uso de polímeros comerciales derivados de petróleo en la industria ha traído
a discusión problemas que estos pueden generar en el medio ambiente como su tardía
degradación. A raíz de esto, los bioplásticos hechos de biopolímeros y materiales
naturales han surgido como una alternativa al uso de plásticos comerciales. Por esta razón,
en la presente tesis se desarrolla la fabricación y caracterización de un nuevo
bionanocompuesto hecho a partir de Nostoc commune, una cianobacteria común que
crece en la sierra andina de Perú, y nanorefuerzos de montmorillonita (MMT), una
nanoarcilla.
A través de un método de extracción sistemático se obtuvo los exopolisacáridos de N.
commune con una eficiencia similar a otros métodos de extracción revisados en la
literatura. Posteriormente, diferentes cantidades de MMT (0, 1, 2, 5 y 7 wt%) se agregaron
para la fabricación de films del bionanocompuesto de N. commune con MMT. Las
caracterizaciones fisicoquímicas mediante FTIR permitió conocer la presencia de grupos
hidroxilos, polifenoles, carboxilos, hidrocarbonos y unidades de glucosa típicos de los
exopolisacáridos. Además, se identificó un aumento de grupos OH al aumentar las
cantidades de MMT. Las caracterizaciones térmicas de TGA demostraron que existe una
mejor estabilidad térmica para los films de NC/MMT 5% y 7% cuando la pérdida de peso
es de 50% al tener temperaturas de degradación de hasta 90ºC más respecto al film base.
Por otra parte, el DSC realizado mostró que los picos endotérmicos asociados a la perdida
de humedad no son afectados por la presencia de MMT. La caracterización morfológica
demostró que agregar MMT al biopolímero hace que pierda su uniformidad debido al
aumento de rugosidad en su superficie. Las caracterizaciones mecánicas demostraron que
los films con MMT presentaron mejores propiedades mecánicas, siendo los films de
NC/MMT 5 wt% los que tuvieron los valores más altos de módulo elástico y resistencia
(20.02 MPa y 2.24 MPa, respectivamente). Es decir, un aumento de 20.02% y 50.33% de
estas propiedades respecto al film base.
Los resultados encontrados en el presente trabajo sugieren que estos nuevos
bionanocompuestos a partir de N. commune puede servir como un material prometedor
con potenciales aplicaciones biomédicas como recubrimientos o membranas.
The frequent use of commercial petroleum-derived polymers in the industry has brought up discussions about the problems they can generate in the environment, such as their slow degradation rate. As a result, bioplastics made from biopolymers and natural materials have emerged as an alternative to the use of commercial plastics. Therefore, the present thesis focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of a new bionanocomposite made from Nostoc commune, a common cyanobacteria present in the Andean mountains of Peru, and montmorillonite nanoreinforcements, a type of nanoclay. Through a systematic extraction method, exopolysaccharides from N. commune were extracted with similar efficiency compared to other similar extraction methods in the literature. Subsequently, different amounts of montmorillonite nanoparticles were added to prepare N.commune based bionanocomposite films (0, 1, 2, 5 y 7 wt%). The physicochemical characterizations via FTIR revealed the presence of hydroxyl, polyphenol, carboxyl, hydrocarbon groups, and typical glucose units found in exopolysaccharides. Additionally, an increase in OH groups was identified as the amount of montmorillonite increased. TGA characterizations demonstrated an improved thermal stability for the NC/MMT 5% and 7% films, as the 50% weight loss occurred at degradation temperatures up to 90°C higher compared to the base film. Moreover, the DSC analysis showed that the endothermic peaks associated with moisture loss were not affected by the presence of montmorillonite. Morphological characterization revealed that the addition of montmorillonite to the biopolymer reduced its uniformity due to increased surface roughness. Mechanical characterizations showed that films containing montmorillonite exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, with the NC/MMT 5 wt% films achieving the highest elastic modulus and tensile strength values (20.02 MPa and 2.24 MPa, respectively), representing increases of 20.02% and 50.33% over the base film. The results obtained in this study suggest that this film based on a novel bionanocomposite derived from N. commune could serve as a promising material with potential biomedical applications such as coatings or membranes.
The frequent use of commercial petroleum-derived polymers in the industry has brought up discussions about the problems they can generate in the environment, such as their slow degradation rate. As a result, bioplastics made from biopolymers and natural materials have emerged as an alternative to the use of commercial plastics. Therefore, the present thesis focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of a new bionanocomposite made from Nostoc commune, a common cyanobacteria present in the Andean mountains of Peru, and montmorillonite nanoreinforcements, a type of nanoclay. Through a systematic extraction method, exopolysaccharides from N. commune were extracted with similar efficiency compared to other similar extraction methods in the literature. Subsequently, different amounts of montmorillonite nanoparticles were added to prepare N.commune based bionanocomposite films (0, 1, 2, 5 y 7 wt%). The physicochemical characterizations via FTIR revealed the presence of hydroxyl, polyphenol, carboxyl, hydrocarbon groups, and typical glucose units found in exopolysaccharides. Additionally, an increase in OH groups was identified as the amount of montmorillonite increased. TGA characterizations demonstrated an improved thermal stability for the NC/MMT 5% and 7% films, as the 50% weight loss occurred at degradation temperatures up to 90°C higher compared to the base film. Moreover, the DSC analysis showed that the endothermic peaks associated with moisture loss were not affected by the presence of montmorillonite. Morphological characterization revealed that the addition of montmorillonite to the biopolymer reduced its uniformity due to increased surface roughness. Mechanical characterizations showed that films containing montmorillonite exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, with the NC/MMT 5 wt% films achieving the highest elastic modulus and tensile strength values (20.02 MPa and 2.24 MPa, respectively), representing increases of 20.02% and 50.33% over the base film. The results obtained in this study suggest that this film based on a novel bionanocomposite derived from N. commune could serve as a promising material with potential biomedical applications such as coatings or membranes.
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Nanotecnología, Biopolímeros, Plásticos biodegradables, Cianobacteria --Perú
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