Sentimientos electorales: un estudio comparativo del discurso editorial de El Comercio y La República en la segunda vuelta presidencial de 2021
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Las elecciones presidenciales acontecidas en el año 2021, el evento más
polémico y mediatizado de las últimas décadas, fue un proceso electoral muy singular
no solo porque se dieron bajo un contexto pandémico nunca visto como el ocasionado
por el virus de la COVID-19, sino que en Perú destacó claramente por haber
enfrentado en la segunda y “tercera” vuelta electoral a dos candidatos con programas
y discursos ideológicos ampliamente antagónicos. Ante un suceso de tal envergadura,
los medios de comunicación peruanos no permanecieron indiferentes, sino que se
involucraron activamente en la discusión, generando debates y polémicas en torno a
las posturas económicas y sociales esgrimidas por ambos contendientes. De esa
manera, en el presente estudio salen a relucir dos de los diarios más protagónicos, y
antagónicos, de la historia política peruana: El Comercio y La República. La
investigación presume que ambos diarios posicionaron los temas electorales de forma
parcializada, lo cual podría sugerir una posterior influencia sobre el ensanchamiento
político entre las personas usuarias de redes sociales. Para explicar el proceso de
parcialización de los diarios, esta tesis acude a la teoría de la parcialización (Bermeo,
2020) y a la teoría de la agenda setting. A raíz del análisis de la cobertura electoral de
ambos diarios durante la segunda vuelta, se identifican tres momentos de
parcialización que coinciden con los tres niveles de la teoría de la agenda setting: (i)
posicionamiento de Castillo y Fujimori en el primer lugar de temas de los cuales era
necesario hablar, (ii) atribución de características no necesariamente fundamentadas
en la realidad y (iii) asociación con temáticas escasamente ligadas al contexto
peruano.
The presidential elections held in 2021, the most controversial and widely publicized event of the past few decades, were a highly unique electoral process, not only because they took place under an unprecedented pandemic context caused by the COVID-19 virus but also because, in Peru, they stood out for having pitted two candidates with vastly opposing ideological programs and discourses against each other in both the second and "third" rounds of voting. Faced with an event of such magnitude, Peruvian media did not remain indifferent; instead, they actively engaged in the discussion, generating debates and controversies around the economic and social positions advocated by both contenders. Thus, this study highlights two of the most prominent and antagonistic newspapers in Peruvian political history: El Comercio and La República. The research assumes that both newspapers presented electoral issues in a biased manner, which could suggest a subsequent influence on the political polarization among social media users. To explain the process of bias in these newspapers, this thesis draws on the theory of bias (Bermeo, 2020) and the agendasetting theory. From the analysis of the electoral coverage of both newspapers during the second round, three moments of bias are identified, corresponding to the three levels of agenda-setting theory: (i) positioning of Castillo and Fujimori at the forefront of topics deemed necessary to discuss, (ii) attribution of characteristics not necessarily based on reality, and (iii) association with issues loosely connected to the Peruvian context.
The presidential elections held in 2021, the most controversial and widely publicized event of the past few decades, were a highly unique electoral process, not only because they took place under an unprecedented pandemic context caused by the COVID-19 virus but also because, in Peru, they stood out for having pitted two candidates with vastly opposing ideological programs and discourses against each other in both the second and "third" rounds of voting. Faced with an event of such magnitude, Peruvian media did not remain indifferent; instead, they actively engaged in the discussion, generating debates and controversies around the economic and social positions advocated by both contenders. Thus, this study highlights two of the most prominent and antagonistic newspapers in Peruvian political history: El Comercio and La República. The research assumes that both newspapers presented electoral issues in a biased manner, which could suggest a subsequent influence on the political polarization among social media users. To explain the process of bias in these newspapers, this thesis draws on the theory of bias (Bermeo, 2020) and the agendasetting theory. From the analysis of the electoral coverage of both newspapers during the second round, three moments of bias are identified, corresponding to the three levels of agenda-setting theory: (i) positioning of Castillo and Fujimori at the forefront of topics deemed necessary to discuss, (ii) attribution of characteristics not necessarily based on reality, and (iii) association with issues loosely connected to the Peruvian context.
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Medios de comunicación--Aspectos políticos--Perú, Polarización (Ciencias sociales)--Perú, Presidentes--Perú--Elecciones, Redes sociales--Perú
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