Los trapos sucios se lavan en casa: conflictos internos e institucionalización de partidos políticos tradicionales en el Perú contemporáneo
Date
2023-08-31
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Si bien el proceso de consolidación de partidos políticos ha fracasado en
Perú, ello no quiere decir que no estén en un constante proceso de
institucionalización y desinstitucionalización. Las razones de ese vaivén pueden
encontrarse en variables exógenas a los propios partidos, pero también es necesario
mirar hacia adentro y hacer un esfuerzo por entender qué otras variables pueden
incidir en ese proceso. En ese sentido, la presente investigación tiene como finalidad
entender los efectos de los conflictos internos entre facciones partidarias en el
proceso de institucionalización. Para ello, este trabajo abordó los casos de dos
partidos políticos tradicionales de la escena peruana: Acción Popular (AP) y el
Partido Aprista Peruano (PAP). Como resultado, se encontró que el tipo de efecto del
conflicto interno sobre la institucionalización partidaria está vinculado al
comportamiento de la facción perdedora después del proceso de selección de
autoridades. A su vez, esto tiene una estrecha vinculación con el diseño
organizacional del partido, pues donde la estructura partidaria promueve una captura
organizacional por parte de la élite ganadora, los perdedores tenderán a actuar
desde la informalidad, conduciendo a una competencia degenerativa. En suma, la
tesis es un estudio comparado entre los dos casos de análisis, para ello se
realizaron entrevistas a dirigentes y militantes de ambos partidos. De este modo que
se determinó que mientras en el PAP la competencia faccional entre “jorgistas,
“mulderistas” y cuarentones es degenerativa, en el caso de AP, la competencia suele
ser más flexible, configurando una dinámica faccional competitiva que no merma
tanto el proceso de institucionalización.
Although the process of consolidation of political parties has failed in Peru, this does not mean that they are not in a constant process of institutionalization and de- institutionalization. The reasons for this fluctuation can be found in variables exogenous to the parties themselves, but it is also necessary to look inward and make an effort to understand what other variables can influence this process. In this sense, the purpose of this research is to understand the effects of internal conflicts between party factions in the institutionalization process. To this end, this work dealt with the cases of two traditional political parties on the Peruvian scene: Acción Popular (AP) and the Partido Aprista Peruano (PAP). As a result, it was found that the type of effect of the internal conflict on party institutionalization is linked to the behavior of the losing faction after the process of selecting authorities. In turn, this is closely linked to the party's organizational design, since where the party structure promotes organizational capture by the winning elite, the losers will tend to act informally, leading to degenerative competition. In short, the thesis is a comparative study between the two cases of analysis, for which interviews were conducted with leaders and militants of both parties. In this way, it was determined that while in the PAP the factional competition between "jorgistas, "mulderistas" and forties is degenerative, in the case of AP, the competition is usually more flexible, configuring a competitive factional dynamic that does not reduce the process so much. of institutionalization.
Although the process of consolidation of political parties has failed in Peru, this does not mean that they are not in a constant process of institutionalization and de- institutionalization. The reasons for this fluctuation can be found in variables exogenous to the parties themselves, but it is also necessary to look inward and make an effort to understand what other variables can influence this process. In this sense, the purpose of this research is to understand the effects of internal conflicts between party factions in the institutionalization process. To this end, this work dealt with the cases of two traditional political parties on the Peruvian scene: Acción Popular (AP) and the Partido Aprista Peruano (PAP). As a result, it was found that the type of effect of the internal conflict on party institutionalization is linked to the behavior of the losing faction after the process of selecting authorities. In turn, this is closely linked to the party's organizational design, since where the party structure promotes organizational capture by the winning elite, the losers will tend to act informally, leading to degenerative competition. In short, the thesis is a comparative study between the two cases of analysis, for which interviews were conducted with leaders and militants of both parties. In this way, it was determined that while in the PAP the factional competition between "jorgistas, "mulderistas" and forties is degenerative, in the case of AP, the competition is usually more flexible, configuring a competitive factional dynamic that does not reduce the process so much. of institutionalization.
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Keywords
Partidos políticos--Perú, Desacuerdos en el interior del partido (Partidos políticos)--Perú, Convenciones políticas--Perú
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