Capítulos de medio ambiente en Tratados de Libre Comercio: La experiencia del Perú (periodo febrero 2009- diciembre 2024)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
En las últimas dos décadas, el Perú ha desarrollado una política de apertura
comercial, consolidada con más de 21 Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC) en vigor. De estos,
solo siete incluyen Capítulos de Medio Ambiente o Títulos de Comercio y
Desarrollo Sostenible, como en los acuerdos con EE.UU., Canadá, Corea del Sur, la UE,
Reino Unido, Australia y el CPTPP. Además, el reciente Protocolo de Optimización del TLC
Perú-China (suscrito en noviembre de 2024).
Esta investigación busca responder principalmente las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué
factores intervienen para que se incorporen capítulos ambientales en tratados de
libre comercio? y ¿Cuál ha sido la experiencia del Perú (periodo febrero de 2009 a diciembre
de 2024)?
La metodología empleada es de enfoque cualitativo, basada en revisión de fuentes
bibliográficas como de la OMC la OCDE y los capítulos de medio ambiente de los TLC
suscritos por el Perú.
Los resultados muestran que en la experiencia internacional, primero los capítulos de
medio ambiente varían (no hay un formato único); segundo que lo dicho también se aplica al
caso peruano. tercero, que el tratado más asimétrico de todos en el caso de Perú es el que
tiene con los EE.UU., ya que incluye un anexo forestal cuyos compromisos recaen casi en
su totalidad en el Perú.
In the last two decades, Peru has developed a policy of trade openness, consolidated with more than 21 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in force. Of these, only seven include Environmental Chapters or Trade and Sustainable Development Titles3, as in the agreements with the USA, Canada, South Korea, the EU, the UK, Australia and the CPTPP. In addition, the recent Protocol for the Optimization of the Peru-China FTA (signed in November 2024)4. This research seeks to answer the following questions: What factors are involved in the incorporation of environmental chapters in free trade agreements? and What has been Peru's experience (February 2009 to December 2024)? The methodology used is qualitative, based on a review of bibliographic sources such as the WTO, the OECD and the environmental chapters of the FTAs signed by Peru. The results show that in the international experience, firstly, the environmental chapters vary (there is no single format); secondly, that what has been said also applies to the Peruvian case; thirdly, that the most asymmetrical treaty of all in the case of Peru is the one with the USA, since it includes a forestry annex whose commitments fall almost entirely on Peru.
In the last two decades, Peru has developed a policy of trade openness, consolidated with more than 21 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in force. Of these, only seven include Environmental Chapters or Trade and Sustainable Development Titles3, as in the agreements with the USA, Canada, South Korea, the EU, the UK, Australia and the CPTPP. In addition, the recent Protocol for the Optimization of the Peru-China FTA (signed in November 2024)4. This research seeks to answer the following questions: What factors are involved in the incorporation of environmental chapters in free trade agreements? and What has been Peru's experience (February 2009 to December 2024)? The methodology used is qualitative, based on a review of bibliographic sources such as the WTO, the OECD and the environmental chapters of the FTAs signed by Peru. The results show that in the international experience, firstly, the environmental chapters vary (there is no single format); secondly, that what has been said also applies to the Peruvian case; thirdly, that the most asymmetrical treaty of all in the case of Peru is the one with the USA, since it includes a forestry annex whose commitments fall almost entirely on Peru.
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Libre comercio--Aspectos ambientales--Perú, Desarrollo sustentable--Perú, Perú--Tratados comerciales, Perú--Tratados comerciales--Estados Unidos