Análisis de eficiencia de empresas de servicios públicos de agua potable y saneamiento en Perú: una aproximación DEA en dos etapas
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El Perú ha avanzado significativamente en la cobertura de agua potable y saneamiento,
alcanzando 90.7 % y 78.4 % respectivamente en 2023 (INEI, s.f.). No obstante, las
Empresas Prestadoras de Servicios de Saneamiento (EPS) enfrentan retos críticos en
la calidad, continuidad y sostenibilidad del servicio. En este contexto la mejora de
eficiencia resulta necesario para superar dichos problemas; sin embargo, estas
limitaciones podrían estar condicionadas por factores externos vinculadas al entorno
geográfico, institucional y regulatorio en el que operan. Este estudio determina el
impacto de dichas variables ambientales y regulatorias sobre la eficiencia técnica de 47
EPS durante el periodo 2015-2023.
Metodológicamente, el estudio aplico el enfoque DEA en dos etapas. En la primera
etapa, se estimaron los puntajes de eficiencia técnica mediante el método Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) orientado a insumos. En la segunda, se modelaron los
determinantes de la eficiencia utilizando regresiones Tobit y Simar & Wilson (2007). Para
ello, se construyeron dos modelos diferenciados: el primero incorporó variables
ambientales que caracterizan el contexto operativo de las EPS (macrorregión, tamaño,
número de localidades, micromedición y densidad de conexiones); mientras que, el
segundo modelo incluyó variables regulatorias diseñadas para el estudio (tiempo con
regulación de tarifas, número de fiscalizaciones, tiempo en Régimen de Apoyo
Transitorio (RAT) y duración de transiciones tarifarias). La robustez de los resultados se
verificó mediante la comparación de estimaciones obtenidas con ambos métodos.
Los resultados confirman que las variables ambientales y regulatorias inciden sobre la
eficiencia de las EPS. Geográficamente, las EPS ubicadas en la macrorregión Oriente
presentan una eficiencia significativamente menor en comparación con las de la
macrorregión Centro, mientras que las de la macrorregión Sur exhiben una mayor
eficiencia. Según escala de operación, las EPS medianas resultan menos eficientes que
las grandes, y la densidad de conexiones se asocia positivamente con la eficiencia. En
el entorno regulatorio, se confirma el efecto favorable del tiempo bajo regulación tarifaria,
en contraste con el impacto negativo del tiempo en el RAT, las transiciones tarifarias
prolongadas y el número de fiscalizaciones.
En conclusión, el estudio evidencia la utilidad de metodologías como DEA con
regresiones de Tobit y Simar & Wilson (2007) para el análisis de eficiencia en servicios
de agua potable y saneamiento. Los resultados ofrecen un referente metodológico y
empírico para futuras investigaciones y para el diseño de políticas públicas en el sector.
Peru has made notable progress in expanding access to potable water and sanitation, reaching coverage rates of 90.7% and 78.4%, respectively, in 2023 (INEI, n.d.). Despite these advances, Water and Sanitation Service Providers (EPS) continue to face critical challenges in service quality, continuity, and sustainability. Improving operational efficiency is essential to address these challenges. However, performance may be conditioned by external factors related to geographic, institutional, and regulatory environments. This study analyzes the impact of environmental and regulatory variables on the technical efficiency of 47 EPS between 2015 and 2023. A two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was applied. First, inputoriented DEA was used to estimate technical efficiency scores. Second, Tobit and Simar & Wilson (2007) regressions were employed to identify key determinants. Two models were developed: one incorporating environmental variables (macro-region, utility size, number of localities served, micrometering, and connection density), and another including regulatory variables (duration under tariff regulation, number of supervisory reviews, time under the Transitional Support Regime (RAT), and length of tariff transitions). Robustness was tested by comparing results across both methods. Findings confirm that environmental and regulatory factors significantly affect EPS efficiency. Providers in the Eastern macro-region show lower efficiency than those in the Central region, while those in the South perform better. Medium-sized EPS are less efficient than large ones, and higher connection density correlates positively with efficiency. Regulatory factors such as prolonged tariff transitions, time under RAT, and frequent inspections negatively affect performance, whereas sustained tariff regulation has a positive effect. This study demonstrates the value of combining DEA with Tobit and Simar & Wilson (2007) regressions to evaluate efficiency in water and sanitation services. The results offer a methodological and empirical foundation for future research and policy design in the sector.
Peru has made notable progress in expanding access to potable water and sanitation, reaching coverage rates of 90.7% and 78.4%, respectively, in 2023 (INEI, n.d.). Despite these advances, Water and Sanitation Service Providers (EPS) continue to face critical challenges in service quality, continuity, and sustainability. Improving operational efficiency is essential to address these challenges. However, performance may be conditioned by external factors related to geographic, institutional, and regulatory environments. This study analyzes the impact of environmental and regulatory variables on the technical efficiency of 47 EPS between 2015 and 2023. A two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was applied. First, inputoriented DEA was used to estimate technical efficiency scores. Second, Tobit and Simar & Wilson (2007) regressions were employed to identify key determinants. Two models were developed: one incorporating environmental variables (macro-region, utility size, number of localities served, micrometering, and connection density), and another including regulatory variables (duration under tariff regulation, number of supervisory reviews, time under the Transitional Support Regime (RAT), and length of tariff transitions). Robustness was tested by comparing results across both methods. Findings confirm that environmental and regulatory factors significantly affect EPS efficiency. Providers in the Eastern macro-region show lower efficiency than those in the Central region, while those in the South perform better. Medium-sized EPS are less efficient than large ones, and higher connection density correlates positively with efficiency. Regulatory factors such as prolonged tariff transitions, time under RAT, and frequent inspections negatively affect performance, whereas sustained tariff regulation has a positive effect. This study demonstrates the value of combining DEA with Tobit and Simar & Wilson (2007) regressions to evaluate efficiency in water and sanitation services. The results offer a methodological and empirical foundation for future research and policy design in the sector.
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Palabras clave
Empresas de servicios públicos--Perú, Agua potable--Perú, Aguas residuales--Perú, Eficiencia industrial--Perú
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item.page.review
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