Informe jurídico sobre la Resolución No. 443-2018-OEFA/TFAST PIM
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El problema jurídico central de este análisis radica en determinar si es legítima la facultad del
Tribunal de Fiscalización Ambiental (TFA) para declarar como insubsanables las infracciones por
incumplimiento de los Límites Máximos Permisibles (LMP), considerando la naturaleza jurídica
de la subsanación en el derecho administrativo sancionador. Este cuestionamiento se profundiza
con dos problemas secundarios: en primer lugar, si el incumplimiento de un LMP implica
necesariamente un riesgo o un daño real, incluso si fue corregido oportunamente; y, en segundo
lugar, si existe sustento normativo suficiente para permitir eximentes de responsabilidad
administrativa por subsanación voluntaria en ciertas infracciones ambientales. En este contexto,
se destaca que el exceso de un LMP no constituye automáticamente un daño ambiental, pues
este requiere un análisis técnico-jurídico concreto, La confusión conceptual entre riesgo, daño
real y daño potencial ha llevado a que el OEFA califique ciertos incumplimientos como
insubsanables sin criterios uniformes, como se evidenció en el caso de Cervecería San Juan
S.A., donde el TFA, si bien considero la infracción como instantánea, no dio certeza sobre el
grado de lesividad en el ambiente. Ahora, el Reglamento de Supervisión del OEFA, sí contempla
la subsanación voluntaria, pero ésta sólo opera cuando la infracción es leve y subsanable
materialmente. En consecuencia, aunque el ordenamiento peruano reconoce la subsanación
como eximente, su aplicación efectiva requiere una reforma normativa que precise los conceptos
de daño, riesgo y subsanabilidad, e incorpore un listado taxativo de infracciones insubsanables,
garantizando así mayor predictibilidad, coherencia y seguridad jurídica.
The central legal issue of this analysis lies in determining whether it is legitimate for the Environmental Oversight Tribunal (TFA) to declare as non-remediable the infringements related to the breach of Maximum Permissible Limits (LMP), considering the legal nature of remediation within administrative sanctioning law. This question is further examined through two secondary issues: first, whether the breach of an LMP necessarily implies a real risk or damage, even if it was promptly corrected; and second, whether there is sufficient regulatory basis to allow exemptions from administrative liability through voluntary remediation in certain environmental violations. In this context, it is emphasized that exceeding an LMP does not automatically constitute environmental harm, as such harm requires a specific and accurate technical-legal analysis. The conceptual confusion between risk, real damage, and potential damage has led OEFA to classify certain violations as non-remediable without consistent criteria, as evidenced in the case of Cervecería San Juan S.A., where the TFA, although it considered the violation to be instantaneous, did not provide certainty about the degree of environmental harm. Currently, OEFA's Supervision Regulations do recognize voluntary remediation, but it only applies when the infraction is minor and materially remediable. Consequently, although the Peruvian legal framework acknowledges remediation as an exemption, its effective application requires regulatory reform to clarify the concepts of harm, risk, and remediability, and to incorporate an exhaustive list of non-remediable violations, thereby ensuring greater predictability, consistency, and legal certainty.
The central legal issue of this analysis lies in determining whether it is legitimate for the Environmental Oversight Tribunal (TFA) to declare as non-remediable the infringements related to the breach of Maximum Permissible Limits (LMP), considering the legal nature of remediation within administrative sanctioning law. This question is further examined through two secondary issues: first, whether the breach of an LMP necessarily implies a real risk or damage, even if it was promptly corrected; and second, whether there is sufficient regulatory basis to allow exemptions from administrative liability through voluntary remediation in certain environmental violations. In this context, it is emphasized that exceeding an LMP does not automatically constitute environmental harm, as such harm requires a specific and accurate technical-legal analysis. The conceptual confusion between risk, real damage, and potential damage has led OEFA to classify certain violations as non-remediable without consistent criteria, as evidenced in the case of Cervecería San Juan S.A., where the TFA, although it considered the violation to be instantaneous, did not provide certainty about the degree of environmental harm. Currently, OEFA's Supervision Regulations do recognize voluntary remediation, but it only applies when the infraction is minor and materially remediable. Consequently, although the Peruvian legal framework acknowledges remediation as an exemption, its effective application requires regulatory reform to clarify the concepts of harm, risk, and remediability, and to incorporate an exhaustive list of non-remediable violations, thereby ensuring greater predictability, consistency, and legal certainty.
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Control ambiental--Perú, Protección ambiental--Legislación--Perú, Industria cervecera--Perú, Derecho administrativo--Legislación--Perú, Sanciones administrativas--Perú
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item.page.review
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