Informe Jurídico sobre la Resolución No. 0001-2011/SC2- INDECOPI: una reflexión en torno a la discriminación por discapacidad en el ámbito del consumo y la regulación financiera
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente Informe evalúa si la negativa de Banco Falabella de emitir una tarjeta
de crédito a un consumidor cuya discapacidad impide reproducir la firma de su
DNI constituye discriminación por discapacidad, considerando la existencia de
medios alternativos de verificación de identidad. Con base en el marco
constitucional, la CDPD y la normativa de la SBS, se concluye que la conducta
es discriminatoria por implicar la denegación de ajustes razonables y mantener
barreras de acceso a servicios financieros esenciales.
El análisis se estructura en tres puntos: (i) el concepto de discriminación por
discapacidad, que comprende la denegación de ajustes razonables; (ii) las
limitaciones de la regulación de tarjetas de crédito —especialmente la
Resolución SBS N.º 264-2008— cuyo énfasis en la firma manuscrita genera
discriminación indirecta al no prever alternativas de identificación; y (iii) el margen
de acción de las entidades financieras para adoptar soluciones inclusivas sin
lineamientos claros de la SBS, lo que evidencia un vacío regulatorio.
En consecuencia, se sostiene que la negativa del Banco Falabella a la
consumidora Rosa Margarita Cueva Tupac Yupanqui de Vignolo de la emisión
de una nueva tarjeta de crédito, sobre la base de la imposibilidad de verificar su
identidad debido a que su firma manuscrita no coincidía con la registrada en su
DNI, circunstancia asociada a su discapacidad, resulta arbitraria y
discriminatoria. Ello, toda vez que existen mecanismos alternativos y
equivalentes de verificación segura —como la autenticación mediante huella
digital, la constatación notarial o el uso de firma electrónica— que permiten
compatibilizar los estándares de seguridad financiera con el principio de igualdad
y no discriminación. El caso evidencia, además, la necesidad de que los
proveedores implementen ajustes razonables y de que se desarrollen
lineamientos regulatorios que habiliten, estandaricen y promuevan prácticas
inclusivas de verificación de identidad. Asimismo, permite cuestionar cómo estas
exigencias se articulan en la práctica con el uso cotidiano de las tarjetas de
crédito, considerando que los establecimientos comerciales también suelen requerir la validación de identidad mediante la firma manuscrita en cada
transacción.
This Report assesses whether Banco Falabella’s refusal to issue a credit card to a consumer whose disability prevents her from reproducing the signature on her national ID (DNI) constitutes disability-based discrimination, taking into account the availability of alternative means of identity verification. Based on the constitutional framework, the CRPD, and SBS regulations, the Report concludes that the bank’s conduct is discriminatory, as it entails the denial of reasonable accommodation and perpetuates barriers to accessing essential financial services. The analysis is structured in three parts: (i) the concept of disability-based discrimination, which includes the denial of reasonable accommodation; (ii) the limitations of the credit card regulatory framework—particularly SBS Resolution No. 264-2008—whose emphasis on handwritten signatures results in indirect discrimination by failing to provide alternative identification methods; and (iii) the scope of action available to financial institutions to adopt inclusive solutions in the absence of clear SBS guidelines, revealing a regulatory gap. Accordingly, the Report holds that Banco Falabella’s refusal to issue a new credit card to consumer Rosa Margarita Cueva Tupac Yupanqui de Vignolo, on the grounds that her identity could not be verified because her handwritten signature did not match the one on her ID—a discrepancy directly linked to her disability— was arbitrary and discriminatory. This is so because there exist alternative and equally secure mechanisms of identity verification, such as fingerprint authentication, notarial certification, or electronic signatures, that allow financial security standards to be reconciled with the principles of equality and nondiscrimination. The case further highlights the need for providers to implement reasonable accommodation measures and for regulatory authorities to develop guidelines that enable, standardize, and promote inclusive identity-verification practices. It also raises questions about how these requirements interact in practice with the everyday use of credit cards, considering that commercial establishments likewise tend to require handwritten signatures to validate each transaction.
This Report assesses whether Banco Falabella’s refusal to issue a credit card to a consumer whose disability prevents her from reproducing the signature on her national ID (DNI) constitutes disability-based discrimination, taking into account the availability of alternative means of identity verification. Based on the constitutional framework, the CRPD, and SBS regulations, the Report concludes that the bank’s conduct is discriminatory, as it entails the denial of reasonable accommodation and perpetuates barriers to accessing essential financial services. The analysis is structured in three parts: (i) the concept of disability-based discrimination, which includes the denial of reasonable accommodation; (ii) the limitations of the credit card regulatory framework—particularly SBS Resolution No. 264-2008—whose emphasis on handwritten signatures results in indirect discrimination by failing to provide alternative identification methods; and (iii) the scope of action available to financial institutions to adopt inclusive solutions in the absence of clear SBS guidelines, revealing a regulatory gap. Accordingly, the Report holds that Banco Falabella’s refusal to issue a new credit card to consumer Rosa Margarita Cueva Tupac Yupanqui de Vignolo, on the grounds that her identity could not be verified because her handwritten signature did not match the one on her ID—a discrepancy directly linked to her disability— was arbitrary and discriminatory. This is so because there exist alternative and equally secure mechanisms of identity verification, such as fingerprint authentication, notarial certification, or electronic signatures, that allow financial security standards to be reconciled with the principles of equality and nondiscrimination. The case further highlights the need for providers to implement reasonable accommodation measures and for regulatory authorities to develop guidelines that enable, standardize, and promote inclusive identity-verification practices. It also raises questions about how these requirements interact in practice with the everyday use of credit cards, considering that commercial establishments likewise tend to require handwritten signatures to validate each transaction.
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Discriminación, Inclusión social--Finanzas, Protección del consumidor--Jurisprudencia--Perú