Detrás del “país de las oportunidades”: Estrategias femeninas ante la transnacionalización de la comunidad campesina de Usibamba entre Perú y Estados Unidos
Date
2023-01-26
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Usibamba, al día de hoy, es una comunidad transnacional(izada), cuyos procesos
expansivos de la diáspora podrían rastrearse, en gran medida, a partir de la
implementación de programas de exportación de mano de obra “barata” (o
precarizada) desde las últimas décadas del siglo pasado (Paerregaard, 2005;
Gilvonio, 2009; Altamirano, 2010 y otros) hacia ranchos ganaderos estadounidenses.
La presente investigación tiene como propósito indagar en las estrategias de las
mujeres de la comunidad campesina ante este proceso histórico y fenómeno que lleva
más de 50 años de existencia. Ya que son los hombres, padres y esposos, quienes
han sido reclutados para estos grandes ranchos, las mujeres han tenido que quedarse
a cargo de muchos aspectos de la vida productiva y reproductiva de sus unidades
domésticas (así como de la comunidad campesina). A partir de los enfoques de
migración transnacional y nueva ruralidad, la teoría de reproducción social en la
globalización y el empleo del concepto de estrategias femeninas; así como la
aplicación de una etnografía multilocal entre Usibamba (Junín, Perú) y Bakersfield
(California, Estados Unidos); y, finalmente, del análisis de ocho casos de mujeres,
hemos podido dar cuenta de cuatro tipos de estrategias enmarcadas en un complejo
proceso de transnacionalización de las unidades domésticas. Estas son: estrategias
de sostenimiento familiar, de circulación de cuidados, de diversificación de ingresos y
de desarrollo profesional. El trabajo de las mujeres ha permitido el sostenimiento de
la vida comunal por años y sus estrategias se orientan a la reproducción de sus
hogares en circunstancias adversas, así como la mejora de sus condiciones de vida
y la de sus familias.
Usibamba, today, is a transnational(ized) peasant community, which it’s expansive processes of diaspora could be traced, to a large extent, to the implementation of programs for the export of “cheap” (or precarised) labor since the last decades of the last century (Paerregaard, 2005; Gilvonio, 2009; Altamirano, 2010 and others) to U.S. cattle ranches. The purpose of this research is to investigate the strategies of women in the peasant community in the face of this historical process and phenomenon that has been going on for more than 50 years. Since it’s been the men, fathers and husbands, the ones who have been recruited for these large ranches, most women have had to remain in charge of many aspects of the productive and reproductive life of their domestic units (as well as of the peasant community). Based on the approaches of transnational migration and new rurality, the theories of social reproduction in globalization and the use of the concept of feminine strategies; as well as the application of a multilocal ethnography between Usibamba (Junín, Peru) and Bakersfield (California, United States); and, finally, the analysis of eight cases of women, we have been able to account for four types of strategies framed in a complex process of transnationalization of the households. These are: family support, circulation of care, income diversification and professional development strategies. Women's work has sustained communal life for years and their strategies are aimed at reproducing their households in adverse circumstances, as well as improving their living conditions and those of their families.
Usibamba, today, is a transnational(ized) peasant community, which it’s expansive processes of diaspora could be traced, to a large extent, to the implementation of programs for the export of “cheap” (or precarised) labor since the last decades of the last century (Paerregaard, 2005; Gilvonio, 2009; Altamirano, 2010 and others) to U.S. cattle ranches. The purpose of this research is to investigate the strategies of women in the peasant community in the face of this historical process and phenomenon that has been going on for more than 50 years. Since it’s been the men, fathers and husbands, the ones who have been recruited for these large ranches, most women have had to remain in charge of many aspects of the productive and reproductive life of their domestic units (as well as of the peasant community). Based on the approaches of transnational migration and new rurality, the theories of social reproduction in globalization and the use of the concept of feminine strategies; as well as the application of a multilocal ethnography between Usibamba (Junín, Peru) and Bakersfield (California, United States); and, finally, the analysis of eight cases of women, we have been able to account for four types of strategies framed in a complex process of transnationalization of the households. These are: family support, circulation of care, income diversification and professional development strategies. Women's work has sustained communal life for years and their strategies are aimed at reproducing their households in adverse circumstances, as well as improving their living conditions and those of their families.
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Keywords
Comunidades--Perú--Junín, Mujeres campesinas--Perú--Junín, Feminismo--Perú, Globalización--Perú
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