“De democracias y desencantos”: una radiografía de los determinantes de las actitudes frágiles hacia la democracia en los países andinos (2020-2023)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Esta investigación examina los factores que explican la adopción de actitudes
frágiles hacia la democracia en Perú, Colombia, Ecuador y Bolivia, entendidas como
expresiones de crítica o desapego frente al régimen democrático. Se utilizan datos
del Latinobarómetro 2020 y 2023, junto con un análisis de clases latentes para
clasificar a la ciudadanía en tres grupos: demócratas, pragmáticos y apáticos. Con
esta clasificación, se estiman modelos de regresión logística multinomial,
complementados con entrevistas a expertos, para identificar los factores asociados a
los perfiles pragmático y apático. El trabajo propone tres hipótesis. Primero, que las
actitudes hacia el Estado, vinculadas a la evaluación de su desempeño y
funcionamiento, influyen en la adopción de actitudes frágiles. Segundo, que los
ciudadanos de izquierda o derecha muestran menor propensión a estas actitudes
que los de centro. Finalmente, que un nivel educativo precario, la juventud y la
pertenencia a clases sociales bajas incrementan la adhesión a estas actitudes. Los
hallazgos confirman que las actitudes hacia el Estado son el principal determinante.
En cuanto a la ideología, identificarse con la izquierda aumenta la probabilidad de
pertenecer a la clase apática, mientras que identificarse con la derecha la reduce,
influido por el grado de institucionalización partidaria en la región. Asimismo, ser
joven eleva la probabilidad de adoptar actitudes frágiles, y contar con educación
básica incrementa la pertenencia al perfil apático, mientras que la clase social no
muestra efectos significativos. En conjunto, los resultados brindan luces sobre los
factores que inciden en la desafección democrática en la región andina.
This research examines the factors that explain the adoption of fragile attitudes toward democracy in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, understood as expressions of criticism or detachment from the democratic regime. It uses data from the 2020 and 2023 Latinobarometer, together with latent class analysis to classify citizens into three groups: democrats, pragmatics, and apathetics. Based on this classification, multinomial logistic regression models are estimated, complemented by expert interviews, to identify the factors associated with the pragmatic and apathetic profiles. The study proposes three hypotheses. First, attitudes toward the state—linked to evaluations of its performance and functioning—influence the adoption of fragile attitudes. Second, citizens who identify with the left or the right show a lower propensity for these attitudes than those who identify with the center. Finally, low levels of education, youth, and belonging to lower social classes increase adherence to these attitudes. The findings confirm that attitudes toward the state are the main determinant. Regarding ideology, identifying with the left increases the probability of belonging to the apathetic class, while identifying with the right reduces it, influenced by the degree of party institutionalization in the region. Likewise, being young increases the likelihood of adopting fragile attitudes, and having only basic education raises the probability of belonging to the apathetic profile, while social class shows no significant effects. Overall, the results shed light on the factors that shape democratic disaffection in the Andean region.
This research examines the factors that explain the adoption of fragile attitudes toward democracy in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, understood as expressions of criticism or detachment from the democratic regime. It uses data from the 2020 and 2023 Latinobarometer, together with latent class analysis to classify citizens into three groups: democrats, pragmatics, and apathetics. Based on this classification, multinomial logistic regression models are estimated, complemented by expert interviews, to identify the factors associated with the pragmatic and apathetic profiles. The study proposes three hypotheses. First, attitudes toward the state—linked to evaluations of its performance and functioning—influence the adoption of fragile attitudes. Second, citizens who identify with the left or the right show a lower propensity for these attitudes than those who identify with the center. Finally, low levels of education, youth, and belonging to lower social classes increase adherence to these attitudes. The findings confirm that attitudes toward the state are the main determinant. Regarding ideology, identifying with the left increases the probability of belonging to the apathetic class, while identifying with the right reduces it, influenced by the degree of party institutionalization in the region. Likewise, being young increases the likelihood of adopting fragile attitudes, and having only basic education raises the probability of belonging to the apathetic profile, while social class shows no significant effects. Overall, the results shed light on the factors that shape democratic disaffection in the Andean region.
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Democracia--América Latina--Siglo XXI, Ideología política--Actitudes--América Latina--Siglo XXI, Ciencia política--América Latina--Siglo XXI
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