El papel de las rondas campesinas en el conflicto socioambiental-minero de Cerro El Toro (2018-2022): Distrito de Huamachuco-Comunidad de Shiracmaca
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2024-01-10
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
A partir de los años 2000, la región La Libertad ha experimentado un boom
minero, el cual ha significado un cambio importante en la dinámica económica de dicha
región. Al mismo tiempo, ha acarreado una serie de cambios en materia social, política
y medioambiental. La naturaleza extractiva de esta actividad económica y su conflicto
con la posesión de tierra han generado un aumento de los conflictos socioambientalesmineros
que se han materializado en denuncias ciudadanas y movilizaciones civiles,
las cuales han requerido la actuación de autoridades públicas, empresarios del sector
minero, sociedad civil y las organizaciones sociales de base (OSB).
De esta forma, el presente trabajo, de tipo cualitativo no-experimental, se ubica
en la Comunidad de Shiracmaca, provincia de Huamachuco y busca estudiar el papel
de una de sus OSB, las rondas campesinas de Shiracmaca, durante su proceso de
mediación en los conflictos socioambientales-mineros. Asimismo, dicho caso ha sido
seleccionado, debido al gran flujo de conflictividad y el poco estudio de la zona por
parte de la academia.
En base a entrevistas semiabiertas y revisión documental, se sostiene que las
rondas hacen uso de dos mecanismos principales: movilizaciones y protestas, y
reuniones e involucramiento con autoridades públicas basándose en la potestad
otorgada por el derecho consuetudinario delimitado por el Estado Peruano. No
obstante, se ha encontrado que la efectividad de dichos mecanismos se ve reducida
debido a tres principales obstáculos: organización interna (corrupción y baja
eficiencia), dificultad para coordinar con otras OSB (por ejemplo, rondas urbanas y
juntas vecinales) y su relación con la minería ilegal.
Since the 2000s, the La Libertad region has experienced a mining boom, which has meant an important change in the economic dynamics of the region. At the same time, it has brought with it a series of social, political and environmental changes. The extractive nature of this economic activity and its conflict with land ownership have generated an increase in socio-environmental-mining conflicts that have materialized in citizen complaints and civil mobilizations, which have required the action of public authorities, mining sector entrepreneurs, civil society and social civil organizations (CSOs). Thus, the present work, of a non-experimental qualitative type, is located in the Shiracmaca Community, province of Huamachuco, and seeks to study the role of one of its CSOs, the Shiracmaca peasant patrols, during its mediation process in socioenvironmental- mining conflicts. Likewise, this case has been selected due to the high level of conflict and the lack of academic study of the area. Based on semi-open interviews and documentary review, it is argued that the rondas make use of two main mechanisms: mobilizations and protests, and meetings and involvement with public authorities based on the power granted by customary law delimited by the Peruvian State. However, it has been found that the effectiveness of these mechanisms is reduced due to three main obstacles: internal organization (corruption and low efficiency), difficulty in coordinating with other CSOs (e.g., rondas urbanas and juntas vecinales), and their relationship with illegal mining.
Since the 2000s, the La Libertad region has experienced a mining boom, which has meant an important change in the economic dynamics of the region. At the same time, it has brought with it a series of social, political and environmental changes. The extractive nature of this economic activity and its conflict with land ownership have generated an increase in socio-environmental-mining conflicts that have materialized in citizen complaints and civil mobilizations, which have required the action of public authorities, mining sector entrepreneurs, civil society and social civil organizations (CSOs). Thus, the present work, of a non-experimental qualitative type, is located in the Shiracmaca Community, province of Huamachuco, and seeks to study the role of one of its CSOs, the Shiracmaca peasant patrols, during its mediation process in socioenvironmental- mining conflicts. Likewise, this case has been selected due to the high level of conflict and the lack of academic study of the area. Based on semi-open interviews and documentary review, it is argued that the rondas make use of two main mechanisms: mobilizations and protests, and meetings and involvement with public authorities based on the power granted by customary law delimited by the Peruvian State. However, it has been found that the effectiveness of these mechanisms is reduced due to three main obstacles: internal organization (corruption and low efficiency), difficulty in coordinating with other CSOs (e.g., rondas urbanas and juntas vecinales), and their relationship with illegal mining.
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Keywords
Rondas campesinas--Perú--Huamachuco (La Libertad : Distrito), Industria minera--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Huamachuco (La Libertad : Distrito), Conflicto social--Perú--Huamachuco (La Libertad : Distrito), Derecho consuetudinario--Perú--Huamachuco (La Libertad : Distrito)
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