Cuando el Estado interviene en el cotidiano de la infancia trabajadora: prácticas, sentidos y resistencias en torno al trabajo infantil en Lomas de Carabayllo
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Esta investigación analiza, desde una perspectiva etnográfica, la forma en que
el Programa Municipal de Prevención y Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil (PPETI)
interviene en la vida cotidiana de las niñas y niños trabajadores en Lomas de
Carabayllo. A través de este trabajo de campo con operadores municipales, revisión
documental y herramientas participativas con niñas y niños, se exploran los sentidos,
tensiones y apropiaciones que emergen en torno a esta política pública. El marco
teórico parte de una concepción de la infancia como construcción social y política, y
del trabajo infantil como una práctica situada en contextos de desigualdad estructural.
La investigación problematiza la tensión entre un enfoque abolicionista del trabajo
infantil, promovido por organismos internacionales, y las experiencias diversas y
significativas que las infancias construyen en torno al trabajo. Los hallazgos muestran
que el PPETI funciona como un dispositivo de gobierno de la infancia popular que
combina cuidado, vigilancia y moralización, sin transformar las condiciones
estructurales que sostienen el trabajo infantil. Sin embargo, también se evidencian
espacios de agencia, afecto y negociación por parte de los operadores y de las niñas
y niños, quienes construyen sentidos propios sobre el programa que, en ocasiones,
desbordan o tensionan las expectativas institucionales. En ese sentido, esta
investigación contribuye a cuestionar dos imágenes dominantes: la de un niño
trabajador homogéneo o una niña trabajadora homogénea y la de una supuesta
ingenuidad infantil. Finalmente, se proponen recomendaciones para diseñar políticas
públicas más contextualizadas, redistributivas e inclusivas, reconociendo la
heterogeneidad de las infancias trabajadoras y su derecho a ser escuchadas.
This research analyzes, from an ethnographic perspective, how the Municipal Program for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor (PPETI) intervenes in the everyday lives of working children in Lomas de Carabayllo, Lima. Through fieldwork with municipal operators, document review, and participatory tools with children, the study explores the meanings, tensions, and appropriations that emerge around this public policy. The theoretical framework is based on a conception of childhood as a social and political construct, and of child labor as a situated practice embedded in contexts of structural inequality. The research problematizes the tension between an abolitionist approach to child labor, promoted by international organizations, and the diverse and meaningful experiences that children construct around work. Findings show that PPETI operates as a governance device targeting popular childhoods, combining care, surveillance, and moralization, while failing to address the structural conditions that sustain child labor. However, the study also reveals spaces of agency, affect, and negotiation enacted by both municipal operators and children, who develop their own meanings about the program, sometimes challenging or exceeding institutional expectations. In this sense, the research contributes to questioning two dominant images: that of a homogeneous working child and that of an allegedly innocent childhood. Finally, it offers recommendations for designing more contextualized, redistributive, and inclusive public policies that recognize the heterogeneity of working childhoods and their right to be heard.
This research analyzes, from an ethnographic perspective, how the Municipal Program for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor (PPETI) intervenes in the everyday lives of working children in Lomas de Carabayllo, Lima. Through fieldwork with municipal operators, document review, and participatory tools with children, the study explores the meanings, tensions, and appropriations that emerge around this public policy. The theoretical framework is based on a conception of childhood as a social and political construct, and of child labor as a situated practice embedded in contexts of structural inequality. The research problematizes the tension between an abolitionist approach to child labor, promoted by international organizations, and the diverse and meaningful experiences that children construct around work. Findings show that PPETI operates as a governance device targeting popular childhoods, combining care, surveillance, and moralization, while failing to address the structural conditions that sustain child labor. However, the study also reveals spaces of agency, affect, and negotiation enacted by both municipal operators and children, who develop their own meanings about the program, sometimes challenging or exceeding institutional expectations. In this sense, the research contributes to questioning two dominant images: that of a homogeneous working child and that of an allegedly innocent childhood. Finally, it offers recommendations for designing more contextualized, redistributive, and inclusive public policies that recognize the heterogeneity of working childhoods and their right to be heard.
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Trabajo infantil--Perú--Lomas de Carabayllo, Trabajo infantil--Política gubernamental, Niños--Participación social
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item.page.endorsement
item.page.review
item.page.supplemented
item.page.referenced
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