La construcción de la noción de probabilidad condicional en estudiantes de quinto de secundaria con apoyo de software de simulación desde la teoría de situaciones didácticas
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general analizar la construcción de la noción de la
probabilidad condicional en estudiantes de quinto año de secundaria con el uso de un software
de simulación. Adopta un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando como marco teórico la Teoría de
Situaciones Didácticas de Brousseau (1997, 2007, 2020) y metodológicamente se consideran
algunos aspectos de la Ingeniería Didáctica (Artigue, 1995, 2014, 2020). Estudios sobre el
aprendizaje de este concepto señalan que los estudiantes presentan dificultades, como el sesgo
de la condicional transpuesta o el olvido de la tasa base; mientras que el desarrollo histórico de
la probabilidad muestra que posee diversos significados o enfoques aún vigentes en la
actualidad. Para lograr el objetivo de este estudio, se propone una secuencia de dos actividades
y en la experimentación participan estudiantes de un colegio privado de Lima. El análisis de los
datos obtenidos permite establecer las similitudes y diferencias con respecto a lo previsto para
el desarrollo de cada actividad. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes evidencian la acción
de distinguir los eventos condicionantes respectivos y formulan la restricción del espacio muestral
a estos eventos para la determinación de las confiabilidades de detección y descarte de una
prueba clínica (probabilidades condicionales). Así mismo, validan estos cálculos tanto desde el
significado frecuentista de la probabilidad, apoyándose en los resultados de las simulaciones
efectuadas con el software TinkerPlots, como desde el significado clásico. Se destaca, además,
que este software permite a los estudiantes visualizar los eventos del espacio muestral y la
restricción a los eventos condicionantes, lo que promueve la generación y confrontación de sus
formulaciones.
The present research aims to analyze the construction of the notion of conditional probability in fifth-year high school students using simulation software. It adopts a qualitative approach, with Brousseau’s Theory of Didactical Situations (1997, 2007, 2020) serving as the theoretical framework, and some aspects of Didactic Engineering (Artigue, 1995, 2014, 2020) considered as the methodology. Studies on the learning of this concept of probability indicate that students face difficulties, such as the fallacy of the transposed conditional or the base rate fallacy. Likewise, in the historical development of probability, it is observed that this concept has various meanings or approaches, which are still relevant today. To achieve the objective of this study, a sequence of two activities is implemented, and the experimentation involves students from a private school in the city of Lima. The analysis of the data obtained allows the identification of similarities and differences compared to the expected development of each activity. The findings show that students carry out the action of distinguishing the relevant conditioning events and formulate the restriction of the sample space to those events in order to determine the detection and exclusion reliabilities of a clinical test (conditional probabilities). They validate these calculations both from the frequentist meaning of probability, supported by the results of the simulations carried out with the TinkerPlots software, and from the classical meaning. It is also highlighted that the software allows the students to visualize the events of the sample space and the restriction to the conditioning events, which promotes the generation and confrontation of their formulations.
The present research aims to analyze the construction of the notion of conditional probability in fifth-year high school students using simulation software. It adopts a qualitative approach, with Brousseau’s Theory of Didactical Situations (1997, 2007, 2020) serving as the theoretical framework, and some aspects of Didactic Engineering (Artigue, 1995, 2014, 2020) considered as the methodology. Studies on the learning of this concept of probability indicate that students face difficulties, such as the fallacy of the transposed conditional or the base rate fallacy. Likewise, in the historical development of probability, it is observed that this concept has various meanings or approaches, which are still relevant today. To achieve the objective of this study, a sequence of two activities is implemented, and the experimentation involves students from a private school in the city of Lima. The analysis of the data obtained allows the identification of similarities and differences compared to the expected development of each activity. The findings show that students carry out the action of distinguishing the relevant conditioning events and formulate the restriction of the sample space to those events in order to determine the detection and exclusion reliabilities of a clinical test (conditional probabilities). They validate these calculations both from the frequentist meaning of probability, supported by the results of the simulations carried out with the TinkerPlots software, and from the classical meaning. It is also highlighted that the software allows the students to visualize the events of the sample space and the restriction to the conditioning events, which promotes the generation and confrontation of their formulations.
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Matemáticas--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria), Probabilidades, Simulación con computadoras
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