El deber del abogado frente al sistema tributario en la evaluación de interpretaciones agresivas
Files
Date
2021-10-28
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Recientes escándalos internacionales como el de los Panama Papers e investigaciones
a grandes transnacionales como Apple, Google o Starbucks expusieron el uso de
estrategias tributarias que desde un sector de la academia se ha sostenido que son
“legales, pero inmorales”. En ese contexto, el análisis de la actuación de los abogados
ha captado especial atención en el ámbito académico, ya que, ante la indeterminación
que existe en el Derecho, los contribuyentes acuden a su asesoramiento para definir
cómo aplicar las normas tributarias en casos concretos. El objetivo de este trabajo es
verificar si los abogados que recomiendan o avalan el uso de interpretaciones de las
normas respaldadas en escasos o nulos fundamentos de derecho incumplen las normas
de ética y responsabilidad profesional del abogado vigentes en el Perú, teniendo en
cuenta que podría ocurrir que dicho tipo de interpretaciones no sean detectadas y
cuestionadas por la Administración Tributaria debido a que esta no puede fiscalizar
todas las declaraciones juradas que son presentadas. Para interpretar las normas del
Código de Ética del Abogado acudimos principalmente al método de interpretación
finalista haciendo para ello un análisis de diversas normas del ordenamiento jurídico
peruano y un estudio preliminar de los aportes de la doctrina extranjera con relación a
la problemática específica. La conclusión del trabajo es que al aplicar las normas de
ética y responsabilidad profesional del abogado se debe considerar que los abogados
que asesoran en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias actúan como guardianes
del sistema tributario. Además, teniendo en cuenta dicho rol, concluimos que en
cumplimiento de sus deberes de obediencia a la ley, veracidad y buena fe los abogados
no solo no deberían recomendar o avalar el uso de interpretaciones agresivas de las
normas tributarias, sino que deberían desalentarlo.
Recent international scandals such as the Panama Papers and investigations against huge transnational companies such as Apple, Google or Starbucks unveiled the use of tax strategies that some scholars have argued are "legal, but unfair". In such context, the analysis of lawyers’ behavior has called special attention in the academic field because, given the uncertainty existing in tax law, taxpayers seek their advice to define how to apply tax rules in specific cases. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether lawyers who recommend or endorse the use of legal interpretations supported by little or no legal grounds fail to comply with lawyers’ ethics and professional responsibility rules in force in Peru. For such objective, we consider that said kind of legal interpretations could go unnoticed and unchallenged by the Tax Authority because it is not possible that all tax returns submitted by taxpayers be audited. To interpret Peruvian Lawyer's Code of Ethics, we mainly resort to a purposive approach, an analysis of various rules of the Peruvian legal system and a preliminary study of foreign literature in relation to the specific problem. The conclusion of this study is that lawyers who advise on the compliance of tax obligations should be considered gatekeepers of the tax system when applying lawyers’ ethics and professional responsibility rules. Additionally, taking said role into account, we conclude that lawyers should not recommend or endorse the use of aggressive interpretations of tax rules, but they should discourage it in application of their duties of obedience to the law, truthfulness and good faith.
Recent international scandals such as the Panama Papers and investigations against huge transnational companies such as Apple, Google or Starbucks unveiled the use of tax strategies that some scholars have argued are "legal, but unfair". In such context, the analysis of lawyers’ behavior has called special attention in the academic field because, given the uncertainty existing in tax law, taxpayers seek their advice to define how to apply tax rules in specific cases. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether lawyers who recommend or endorse the use of legal interpretations supported by little or no legal grounds fail to comply with lawyers’ ethics and professional responsibility rules in force in Peru. For such objective, we consider that said kind of legal interpretations could go unnoticed and unchallenged by the Tax Authority because it is not possible that all tax returns submitted by taxpayers be audited. To interpret Peruvian Lawyer's Code of Ethics, we mainly resort to a purposive approach, an analysis of various rules of the Peruvian legal system and a preliminary study of foreign literature in relation to the specific problem. The conclusion of this study is that lawyers who advise on the compliance of tax obligations should be considered gatekeepers of the tax system when applying lawyers’ ethics and professional responsibility rules. Additionally, taking said role into account, we conclude that lawyers should not recommend or endorse the use of aggressive interpretations of tax rules, but they should discourage it in application of their duties of obedience to the law, truthfulness and good faith.
Description
Keywords
Abogados--Ética profesional, Derecho tributario--Perú, Derecho tributario--Interpretación jurídica