Situación de Negocios: Análisis de la capacidad productiva del cacao en Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
La industria del cacao en el Perú ha experimentado un notable crecimiento y
posicionamiento durante la última década, configurándose como una oportunidad atractiva
para productores y emprendedores. Este estudio realiza un análisis integral de la
competitividad del sector utilizando herramientas como el análisis PESTEL, las evaluaciones
del entorno y de factores internos, el modelo de las cinco fuerzas de Porter y entrevistas a
actores de la cadena de valor. Si bien el país destaca como uno de los principales productores
de cacao fino y de aroma, persisten limitaciones estructurales que afectan su competitividad.
Los hallazgos indican que la baja tecnificación, la fragmentación productiva y la
escasa infraestructura poscosecha continúan reduciendo la productividad y calidad del grano.
Estas restricciones se agravan por una articulación institucional insuficiente y por la falta de
continuidad en programas de capacitación. También se evidencia que la asociatividad es
clave para mejorar el poder de negociación y acceder a mercados especializados y
certificaciones internacionales.
El análisis competitivo revela un entorno exigente, con alto poder de negociación de
los compradores, creciente presión de competidores regionales y la aparición de sustitutos
biotecnológicos. Ante ello, la diferenciación basada en calidad, sostenibilidad y origen se
presenta como la estrategia central para consolidar la posición del cacao peruano en nichos
premium.
El estudio concluye que la competitividad del sector depende del fortalecimiento de
tres capacidades estratégicas: modernización tecnológica, consolidación de modelos
asociativos y desarrollo de una oferta comercial sofisticada. Se recomiendan inversiones en
infraestructura poscosecha, mecanismos de financiamiento especializado, mejora de la
asistencia técnica y políticas que promuevan sostenibilidad y articulación territorial.
The cocoa industry in Peru has experienced notable growth and strengthened its market positioning over the past decade, emerging as an attractive opportunity for producers and entrepreneurs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the sector’s competitiveness using tools such as the PESTEL framework, external and internal factor evaluations, Porter’s Five Forces model, and interviews with key actors in the value chain. Although Peru is recognized as one of the leading producers of fine‐flavor cocoa, structural limitations continue to constrain its competitiveness. Findings indicate that low levels of technological adoption, production fragmentation, and limited post‐harvest infrastructure continue to reduce both productivity and bean quality. These restrictions are compounded by insufficient institutional coordination and the lack of continuity in training programs. The study also highlights that producer associativity is essential for improving bargaining power and gaining access to specialized markets and international certifications. The competitive analysis reveals a demanding environment characterized by strong buyer bargaining power, increasing pressure from regional competitors, and the emergence of biotechnological substitutes. In this context, differentiation based on quality, sustainability, and origin emerges as the central strategy for strengthening the position of Peruvian cocoa in premium market segments. The study concludes that the sector’s competitiveness depends on strengthening three strategic capabilities: technological modernization, consolidation of associative models, and the development of a more sophisticated commercial offering. Recommendations include investing in post‐harvest infrastructure, implementing specialized financing mechanisms, improving technical assistance, and promoting sustainability‐oriented and territorially coordinated policies.
The cocoa industry in Peru has experienced notable growth and strengthened its market positioning over the past decade, emerging as an attractive opportunity for producers and entrepreneurs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the sector’s competitiveness using tools such as the PESTEL framework, external and internal factor evaluations, Porter’s Five Forces model, and interviews with key actors in the value chain. Although Peru is recognized as one of the leading producers of fine‐flavor cocoa, structural limitations continue to constrain its competitiveness. Findings indicate that low levels of technological adoption, production fragmentation, and limited post‐harvest infrastructure continue to reduce both productivity and bean quality. These restrictions are compounded by insufficient institutional coordination and the lack of continuity in training programs. The study also highlights that producer associativity is essential for improving bargaining power and gaining access to specialized markets and international certifications. The competitive analysis reveals a demanding environment characterized by strong buyer bargaining power, increasing pressure from regional competitors, and the emergence of biotechnological substitutes. In this context, differentiation based on quality, sustainability, and origin emerges as the central strategy for strengthening the position of Peruvian cocoa in premium market segments. The study concludes that the sector’s competitiveness depends on strengthening three strategic capabilities: technological modernization, consolidation of associative models, and the development of a more sophisticated commercial offering. Recommendations include investing in post‐harvest infrastructure, implementing specialized financing mechanisms, improving technical assistance, and promoting sustainability‐oriented and territorially coordinated policies.
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Palabras clave
Cacao--Industria y comercio--Perú, Cacao--Cadenas productivas--Perú, Competencia económica
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