Los carnavales de Abancay: Las luchas simbólicas en la producción de una identidad local
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Date
2025-01-13
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender de qué maneras se construyen
las representaciones inscritas en el Carnaval Abanquino sobre las transformaciones
sociales de la ciudad de Abancay en los últimos cuarenta años. Desde la aparición del
Concurso de Comparsas Carnavalescas a finales de la década de 1970, esta práctica
de origen rural se ha venido estilizando y adquiriendo prestigio asociado a su
elegancia, y llegó a ser declarada Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación en 2011. Esto ha
sucedido en simultáneo y correspondiendo los procesos de transformación de la
ciudad de Abancay en las últimas décadas, caracterizados por el crecimiento urbano
y demográfico, la migración del campo a la ciudad y el crecimiento económico. Llevo
a cabo el análisis de la performance y narrativas a través del trabajo con tres
organizaciones de danza, dos comparsas de Carnaval Abanquino de reconocida
trayectoria (Corazón Abanquino y Tusuy Llaqta) y de una joven agrupación de danzas
folclóricas (Hatun Sonqo). Identifico que estas tres agrupaciones están relacionadas
a diferentes generaciones y patrones de migración del campo a la ciudad de Abancay,
y sus integrantes poseen perfiles socioculturales y étnico-raciales característicos.
Concluyo que el Carnaval Abanquino se ha moldeado a través de la iteración y el
diálogo entre las propuestas de performance elaboradas por las tres generaciones de
migrantes-danzantes, y el juicio de los cultores y el público. Sostengo que en este
proceso cada generación utiliza las performances para legitimar su lugar en la
cambiante sociedad urbana, y a la vez reproducen y consolidan los presupuestos de
esta práctica expresiva como opuesta a las prácticas expresivas rurales, condensadas
en la etiqueta de Carnaval Campesino, en la pretensión de desvincularse de índices
de indianidad. Este trabajo dialoga con los estudios post estructuralistas de la
antropología peruana sobre fiestas; se basa en el abordaje conceptual de razaetnicidad,
performance y habitus; y pretende realizar una lectura contemporánea de
estos fenómenos. Esta investigación fue planteada desde un enfoque cualitativoetnográfico,
por lo que se abordaron los casos de estudio a través de entrevistas
semiestructuradas, foto-elicitación, y observación etnográfica. Asimismo, para el
abordaje de los procesos históricos, se realizó una revisión de archivo físico y virtual.
The aim of this research is to understand how symbolic representations inscribed in the Abancay Carnival are constructed concerning the social transformations in the city of Abancay over the past fourty years. Since the emergence of the Carnival Comparsas Contest in the late 70’s, this rural practice has been refined and acquired prestige associated with its distinctive “elegance”, eventually being declared a Cultural Heritage of the Nation in 2011. This has occurred simultaneously and in correspondence with Abancay city transformation processes in recent decades, characterized by urban and demographic growth, rural-to-urban migration, and economic growth. The analysis of performance and narratives was conducted through working with three dance organizations: two well-established Abancay Carnival comparsas (Corazón Abanquino and Tusuy Llaqta) and an emerging folklor dance group (Hatun Sonqo). These three groups are linked to different generations and migration patterns from countryside to Abancay city, with distinctive sociocultural and ethnic-racial profiles of their members. I conclude that the Abancay Carnival has transformed through iteration and dialogue among the performance proposals developed by the three generations of migrant-dancers and the judgment of practitioners and the public. Each generation uses performances to legitimize their place in the changing urban society while simultaneously reproducing and consolidating the conceptualization of this expressive practice as distinct from rural expressive practices, encapsulated in the label "Carnaval Campesino”, with the aim of disassociating from indicators of indigeneity. This research engages with poststructuralist studies of Peruvian anthropology on festivals, drawing on the conceptual approach of race-ethnicity, performance, and habitus. It seeks to provide a contemporary interpretation of these phenomena. The research was conducted using a qualitative-ethnographic approach, involving semi-structured interviews, photoelicitation, and ethnographic observation for the case studies. For the examination of historical processes, a review of physical and virtual archives was conducted.
The aim of this research is to understand how symbolic representations inscribed in the Abancay Carnival are constructed concerning the social transformations in the city of Abancay over the past fourty years. Since the emergence of the Carnival Comparsas Contest in the late 70’s, this rural practice has been refined and acquired prestige associated with its distinctive “elegance”, eventually being declared a Cultural Heritage of the Nation in 2011. This has occurred simultaneously and in correspondence with Abancay city transformation processes in recent decades, characterized by urban and demographic growth, rural-to-urban migration, and economic growth. The analysis of performance and narratives was conducted through working with three dance organizations: two well-established Abancay Carnival comparsas (Corazón Abanquino and Tusuy Llaqta) and an emerging folklor dance group (Hatun Sonqo). These three groups are linked to different generations and migration patterns from countryside to Abancay city, with distinctive sociocultural and ethnic-racial profiles of their members. I conclude that the Abancay Carnival has transformed through iteration and dialogue among the performance proposals developed by the three generations of migrant-dancers and the judgment of practitioners and the public. Each generation uses performances to legitimize their place in the changing urban society while simultaneously reproducing and consolidating the conceptualization of this expressive practice as distinct from rural expressive practices, encapsulated in the label "Carnaval Campesino”, with the aim of disassociating from indicators of indigeneity. This research engages with poststructuralist studies of Peruvian anthropology on festivals, drawing on the conceptual approach of race-ethnicity, performance, and habitus. It seeks to provide a contemporary interpretation of these phenomena. The research was conducted using a qualitative-ethnographic approach, involving semi-structured interviews, photoelicitation, and ethnographic observation for the case studies. For the examination of historical processes, a review of physical and virtual archives was conducted.
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Keywords
Danzas folklóricas--Perú--Apurímac--Abancay, Migrantes internos--Identidad étnica--Perú--Apurímac--Abancay, Desarrollo urbano--Perú--Apurímac--Abancay
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