La aplicación de normas en el tiempo sobre la nivelación de pensiones en el régimen del Decreto Ley 20530, desde su cierre definitivo: Un análisis desde un enfoque jurisprudencia
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el año 2004 se reformó la Constitución Política del Perú de 1993 con la finalidad de
crear las condiciones que permitan incorporar nuevas reglas en el régimen del Decreto Ley
20530, y para cumplir esa finalidad mediante la Ley 28389 se reformaron los artículos 11, 103 y
la Primera Disposición Final y Transitoria de la Constitución. Seguidamente se emitió la Ley
28449, que contenía estas nuevas reglas, y entre ellas derogó la Ley 23495 que regulaba el
derecho a la nivelación que era un método de reajuste de las pensiones que evita la pérdida de
su poder adquisitivo. Las nuevas demandas de nivelación de pensiones que se interpusieron con
posterioridad a la reforma, fueron resueltas en dos sentidos, a favor y en contra, tanto por el
Tribunal Constitucional y la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la República. El criterio preponderante
deniega este tipo de pretensiones, pese a que el periodo reclamado correspondía al lapso de
tiempo en que estuvo vigente la Ley 23495. Suscitándose esta diferencia de criterios básicamente
por la interpretación de los artículos 103 y la Primera Disposición Final y Transitoria que
reescriben las reglas de aplicación de normas en el tiempo, que precisa que la regla de aplicación
de normas en el tiempo es la aplicación inmediata de la ley y por otro lado suprime la teoría de
los derechos adquiridos en materia de pensiones que reconocía la Carta Magna para este
régimen pensionario. Para los conflictos que genera la sucesión normativa (derogación de una
ley y su sustitución por otra), bajo un escenario de aplicación inmediata de la ley, la teoría de los
hechos cumplidos tiene por finalidad que la nueva ley surta eficacia sobre aquellos hechos o
situaciones presentes a su entrada en vigencia pero que nacieron bajo la ley anterior. No puede
modificar la situación jurídica asignada por la anterior ley a hechos ya consumados, ello
significaría aplicar la ley de forma retroactiva. Se concluye que en materia de pensiones cuando
se pretenda modificar las condiciones en que se vienen otorgando determinadas prestaciones,
sean estas ventajosas o menos favorables, la teoría de los hechos cumplidos va a permitir que la
nueva ley modifique las condiciones de las prestaciones que no han devenido en exigibles a la
fecha de entrada en vigencia de la nueva ley. A diferencia de la teoría de los derechos adquiridos
que hará inmutables a estas prestaciones, las que continuarán otorgándose bajo la ley que ha
creado el derecho.
In 2004, the 1993 Political Constitution of Peru was amended in order to create the conditions for incorporating new rules in the regime of Decree Law 20530, and in order to achieve this purpose, articles 11, 103 and the First Final and Transitory Provision of the Constitution were amended by Law 28389. Subsequently, Law 28449 was issued, which contained these new rules, and among them repealed Law 23495 that regulated the right to equalization, which was a method of readjustment of pensions that prevents the loss of their purchasing power. The new pension equalization lawsuits filed after the reform were resolved in two ways, in favor and against, both by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic. The prevailing criterion denies this type of claims, despite the fact that the period claimed corresponded to the period of time when Law 23495 was in force. This difference in criteria is basically due to the interpretation of articles 103 and the First Final and Transitory Provision that rewrite the rules for the application of norms in time, which specifies that the rule for the application of norms in time is the immediate application of the law and on the other hand suppresses the theory of acquired rights in pension matters that the Magna Carta recognized for this pension system. For conflicts generated by regulatory succession (repeal of one law and its substitution by another), under a scenario of immediate application of the law, the theory of accomplished facts has the purpose that the new law is effective on those facts or situations present at its entry into force but which were born under the previous law. It cannot modify the legal situation assigned by the previous law to facts already accomplished, as this would mean applying the law retroactively. It is concluded that in pension matters, when it is intended to modify the conditions under which certain benefits have been granted, whether they are advantageous or less favorable, the theory of accomplished facts will allow the new law to modify the conditions of the benefits that have not become due as of the effective date of the new law. Unlike the vested rights theory, which will make these benefits immutable, they will continue to be granted under the law that created the right.
In 2004, the 1993 Political Constitution of Peru was amended in order to create the conditions for incorporating new rules in the regime of Decree Law 20530, and in order to achieve this purpose, articles 11, 103 and the First Final and Transitory Provision of the Constitution were amended by Law 28389. Subsequently, Law 28449 was issued, which contained these new rules, and among them repealed Law 23495 that regulated the right to equalization, which was a method of readjustment of pensions that prevents the loss of their purchasing power. The new pension equalization lawsuits filed after the reform were resolved in two ways, in favor and against, both by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic. The prevailing criterion denies this type of claims, despite the fact that the period claimed corresponded to the period of time when Law 23495 was in force. This difference in criteria is basically due to the interpretation of articles 103 and the First Final and Transitory Provision that rewrite the rules for the application of norms in time, which specifies that the rule for the application of norms in time is the immediate application of the law and on the other hand suppresses the theory of acquired rights in pension matters that the Magna Carta recognized for this pension system. For conflicts generated by regulatory succession (repeal of one law and its substitution by another), under a scenario of immediate application of the law, the theory of accomplished facts has the purpose that the new law is effective on those facts or situations present at its entry into force but which were born under the previous law. It cannot modify the legal situation assigned by the previous law to facts already accomplished, as this would mean applying the law retroactively. It is concluded that in pension matters, when it is intended to modify the conditions under which certain benefits have been granted, whether they are advantageous or less favorable, the theory of accomplished facts will allow the new law to modify the conditions of the benefits that have not become due as of the effective date of the new law. Unlike the vested rights theory, which will make these benefits immutable, they will continue to be granted under the law that created the right.
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Derecho laboral--Legislación--Perú, Derecho laboral--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Sistema privado de pensiones--Perú, Derecho colectivo del trabajo--Perú
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item.page.endorsement
item.page.review
item.page.supplemented
item.page.referenced
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