Evaluación de la confiabilidad del Método Schutkowski (1993) para la estimación del sexo de esqueletos subadultos procedentes de contextos funerarios de la Cultura Chiribaya. Ilo, Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
En la antropología biológica, disponer de métodos confiables para la estimación
del sexo en restos humanos resulta fundamental. El presente estudio tuvo como
objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad del método propuesto por Schutkowski (1993)
para la estimación sexual en individuos subadultos, aplicándolo al análisis de 67
esqueletos procedentes de contextos funerarios de la Cultura Chiribaya (ca.
1000 d. C.), en el extremo sur del Perú. La investigación se enmarcó en un diseño
no experimental, transeccional y descriptivo, empleando criterios morfognósticos
de observación macroscópica de tres indicadores en mandíbula y cuatro en el
ilion.
Las colecciones osteológicas en buen estado de conservación, como la de
Chiribaya, constituyen una fuente privilegiada para la validación de métodos
antropológicos y, al mismo tiempo, ponen en relieve el valor del patrimonio
bioarqueológico peruano como recurso científico de alcance internacional. La
conservación favorable de los restos hizo posible reconocer los rasgos con
nitidez y minimizar la influencia de procesos tafonómicos que podrían afectar la
exactitud de los análisis.
Los resultados estadísticos, evaluados mediante el índice Kappa de Cohen,
evidenciaron niveles variables de concordancia intraobservador para la
mandíbula e ilion, fluctuando entre el desacuerdo (< 0,00) y la concordancia
sustancial (0,61-0,80). Si bien algunos valores fueron alentadores, la
inconsistencia de los patrones observados cuestiona la fiabilidad del método. En
contraste con la alta precisión reportada por Schutkowski en la colección de
Spitalfields (95 % en hombres y 62 % en mujeres), los hallazgos obtenidos en la
muestra Chiribaya no alcanzaron niveles comparables de confiabilidad.
Se concluye que el método de Schutkowski (1993) no es aplicable de manera
confiable para la estimación sexual en esqueletos subadultos de la Cultura
Chiribaya. No obstante, esta investigación aporta a la discusión metodológica y
a la búsqueda de técnicas válidas en contextos arqueológicos peruanos.
In biological anthropology, the availability of reliable methods for sex estimation in human remains is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the method proposed by Schutkowski (1993) for sex estimation in subadult individuals, applying it to the analysis of 67 skeletons from funerary contexts of the Chiribaya Culture (ca. A.D. 1000), located in southern Peru. The research followed a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive design, using macroscopic morphological criteria such as the chin, dental arcade, gonion, sciatic notch, and iliac crest. Well-preserved osteological collections, such as Chiribaya, provide exceptional opportunities to validate anthropological methods, while also highlighting the importance of Peruvian bioarchaeological heritage as a scientific resource of international relevance. The adequate preservation of the remains enabled the clear identification of traits and minimized the effects of taphonomic alterations that could otherwise reduce analytical precision. Statistical analyses, evaluated through Cohen’s Kappa index, revealed variable levels of intraobserver agreement, ranging from disagreement (< 0,00) to substantial concordance (0,61-0,80). Although some values were encouraging, the inconsistency of the observed patterns raises concerns about the method’s reliability. In contrast to the high accuracy reported by Schutkowski in the Spitalfields collection (95% in males and 62% in females), the results obtained from the Chiribaya sample did not reach comparable levels of reliability. It is concluded that Schutkowski’s (1993) method cannot be reliably applied for sex estimation in subadult skeletons from the Chiribaya Culture. Nevertheless, this research contributes to the methodological debate and the search for valid techniques for the analysis of subadult remains in Peruvian archaeological contexts.
In biological anthropology, the availability of reliable methods for sex estimation in human remains is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the method proposed by Schutkowski (1993) for sex estimation in subadult individuals, applying it to the analysis of 67 skeletons from funerary contexts of the Chiribaya Culture (ca. A.D. 1000), located in southern Peru. The research followed a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive design, using macroscopic morphological criteria such as the chin, dental arcade, gonion, sciatic notch, and iliac crest. Well-preserved osteological collections, such as Chiribaya, provide exceptional opportunities to validate anthropological methods, while also highlighting the importance of Peruvian bioarchaeological heritage as a scientific resource of international relevance. The adequate preservation of the remains enabled the clear identification of traits and minimized the effects of taphonomic alterations that could otherwise reduce analytical precision. Statistical analyses, evaluated through Cohen’s Kappa index, revealed variable levels of intraobserver agreement, ranging from disagreement (< 0,00) to substantial concordance (0,61-0,80). Although some values were encouraging, the inconsistency of the observed patterns raises concerns about the method’s reliability. In contrast to the high accuracy reported by Schutkowski in the Spitalfields collection (95% in males and 62% in females), the results obtained from the Chiribaya sample did not reach comparable levels of reliability. It is concluded that Schutkowski’s (1993) method cannot be reliably applied for sex estimation in subadult skeletons from the Chiribaya Culture. Nevertheless, this research contributes to the methodological debate and the search for valid techniques for the analysis of subadult remains in Peruvian archaeological contexts.
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Restos humanos (Arqueología)--Perú--Ilo (Moquegua : Provincia), Antropología forense--Perú--Ilo (Moquegua : Provincia), Determinación del sexo--Perú--Ilo (Moquegua : Provincia), Chiribaya (Perú)--Restos arqueológicos.
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