Informe jurídico sobre la Sentencia 50/2023 del Tribunal Constitucional (EXP. N.° 02695-2021-PA/TC)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo aborda el análisis constitucional y administrativo del orden
de los apellidos en el registro civil peruano, a partir del estudio del Caso Canales
Caballero (Expediente No 02695-2021-PA/TC), resuelto por el Tribunal
Constitucional del Perú. En este caso se cuestiona la práctica administrativa del
del Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil que impone la prelación del
apellido paterno sin contar con una disposición legal expresa que lo autorice. Se
examina cómo esta práctica vulnera el derecho a la identidad y los principios
constitucionales de igualdad y no discriminación, en particular por razón de
género.
El análisis parte de una revisión del marco normativo nacional, la jurisprudencia
del Tribunal Constitucional y los estándares internacionales del Sistema
Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Asimismo, se identifican vacíos
normativos en el Código Civil y en la Ley Orgánica de RENIEC, y se proponen
reformas legislativas y administrativas que garanticen la libre elección del orden
de los apellidos, conforme a la autonomía familiar, el interés superior del niño y
la corresponsabilidad parental.
El trabajo concluye que la práctica registral vigente reproduce estereotipos
patriarcales incompatibles con el modelo de Estado constitucional de derecho,
y propone como medidas correctivas la modificación del Artículo 20 del Código
Civil, la evaluación de reincorporar el control difuso administrativo y la
implementación de mecanismos neutrales en caso de desacuerdo entre
progenitores.
This paper provides a constitutional and administrative analysis of the legal rules governing surname order in Peru's civil registry system, based on the Canales Caballero case (Case No. 02695-2021-PA/TC) decided by the Peruvian Constitutional Court. The case challenges the administrative practice of the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC), which systematically places the paternal surname before the maternal one without any explicit legal mandate. This practice violates fundamental rights such as the right to identity and the principle of equality and non-discrimination, particularly with respect to gender. The analysis adopts a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating domestic legal review, case law from Peru and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and comparative analysis with legal systems in Spain, Colombia, Chile, France, and Italy. The study also identifies legal gaps in the Peruvian Civil Code and RENIEC’s Organic Law, as well as the lack of sufficient administrative mechanisms to resolve parental disputes over surname order. The paper concludes that the Peruvian State must implement legislative and administrative reforms that ensure parents' freedom to choose the order of their child’s surnames, in accordance with family autonomy, substantive equality, and the best interests of the child. It recommends amending Article 20 of the Civil Code, restoring administrative constitutional review, and adopting neutral criteria when parents disagree.
This paper provides a constitutional and administrative analysis of the legal rules governing surname order in Peru's civil registry system, based on the Canales Caballero case (Case No. 02695-2021-PA/TC) decided by the Peruvian Constitutional Court. The case challenges the administrative practice of the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC), which systematically places the paternal surname before the maternal one without any explicit legal mandate. This practice violates fundamental rights such as the right to identity and the principle of equality and non-discrimination, particularly with respect to gender. The analysis adopts a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating domestic legal review, case law from Peru and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and comparative analysis with legal systems in Spain, Colombia, Chile, France, and Italy. The study also identifies legal gaps in the Peruvian Civil Code and RENIEC’s Organic Law, as well as the lack of sufficient administrative mechanisms to resolve parental disputes over surname order. The paper concludes that the Peruvian State must implement legislative and administrative reforms that ensure parents' freedom to choose the order of their child’s surnames, in accordance with family autonomy, substantive equality, and the best interests of the child. It recommends amending Article 20 of the Civil Code, restoring administrative constitutional review, and adopting neutral criteria when parents disagree.
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Identidad, Registro civil--Perú, Derecho administrativo--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Discriminación sexual--Perú
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