Reducción del impacto ambiental en la aplicación del carbón activado para la potabilización del agua
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación fue realizado para evaluar el desempeño ambiental
de un sistema alternativo de filtración por carbón activado granular (GAC) de carbón mineral
en la planta de la Atarjea mediante un Análisis de ciclo de Vida. En un estudio previo se
evaluaron los impactos ambientales asociados a la etapa de operación de la planta de la Atarjea
(Montoya, 2021). En dicho estudio se identificó que el proceso con mayor contribución en la
categoría de Potencial de Calentamiento Global está asociado al uso de carbón activado. Este
insumo es utilizado durante la etapa de desarenación para la remoción de 2-Metilisoborneol y
Geosmina, según el reporte de la ficha técnica del producto.
La metodología utilizada para evaluar estos impactos fue el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida
empleando el software SimaPro y la base de datos de Ecoinvent. Los límites del sistema
comprenden la construcción, operación y mantenimiento de un sistema de filtración con pozas
de contacto, así como un sistema de reactivación de carbón activado granular hecho a base de
carbón mineral. La información necesaria para el modelamiento del sistema se extrajo del
manual diseño de la EPA, la base de datos de Ecoinvent y de la literatura. La unidad funcional
utilizada fue 1 m3 de agua filtrada por tratarse de una planta de potabilización y las categorías
de impacto analizadas fueron: Potencial de calentamiento global, acidificación terrestre,
eutrofización de agua dulce, eutrofización marina, toxicidad humana carcinógena, toxicidad
humana no carcinógena y ecotoxicidad de agua dulce.
Los resultados del análisis de ciclo de obtenidos para el sistema de estudio muestran una
disminución en los impactos ambientales generados en 5 de las categorías evaluadas. Por un
lado, se presentó un incremento de 16.73% en los impactos generados para la categoría de
potencial de calentamiento global y 4.14% para la acidificación terrestre. En el resto de
categorías evaluadas se llegó a reducir el impacto de un 17.71% en la categoría de Toxicidad
humana carcinógena hasta un 44.05% en Eutrofización marina. Los procesos con mayor
incidencia para este sistema GAC mineral fueron la producción del carbón activado y el
consumo de energía eléctrica, representando entre 96.6% al 86.4% del impacto total en todas
las categorías evaluadas. Adicionalmente se evaluó el funcionamiento del sistema utilizando
GAC hecho en base a residuos de madera, donde los impactos generados disminuyeron de 50%
a 30% en comparación al sistema de filtración actual.
Finalmente, en base a los resultados obtenidos se concluye que la implementación del
sistema de filtración con GAC, muestra ser favorable en la mayoría de categorías de impacto
evaluadas. Estos resultados pueden mejorar más aún si se considera utilizar una materia prima menos contaminante que el carbón mineral, como carbón de residuos de madera o cáscaras de
coco (Kim et al., 2018). Es necesario y se incentiva a evaluar aspectos complementarios que
no fueron parte del enfoque del presente estudio para tener un análisis completo del sistema.
Así mismo se busca que, a partir de este trabajo de estudio, futuros investigadores puedan
evaluar otros sistemas de filtración u optimización para poder reducir los impactos generados
durante la potabilización del agua.
The current research work was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of an alternative filtration system using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) from mineral coal at the Atarjea water treatment plant through a Life cycle assessment. A previous study evaluated the environmental impact associated with the operational stage of the Atarjea water treatment plant (Montoya, 2021). Said study assessed that the process with the greatest contribution for the Global Warming Potential category was related to the use of activated carbon. This input is used during the de-sanding stage for the removal of 2-Metilisoborneol and Geosmin, according to the product technical data sheet report (Sedapal, 2019b) The methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts was Life Cycle Assessment, using the SimaPro software and the Econinvent database. The system boundaries include the construction, operation and maintenance of a filtration system with coal-based GAC contact basins, as well as an on-site reactivation system for the spent GAC. The information necessary for modeling the system was extracted from the design manual provided by the Environmental Protect Agency (EPA), the Ecoinvent database and the literature. The functional unit used was 1 cubic meter of filtered water as it´s a water treatment plant. The categories analyzed were: Global Warming Potential, Terrestrial Acidification, Marine Water Eutrophication, Freshwater Eutrophication, Human Toxicity Carcinogenic and not Carcinogenic and Freshwater ecotoxicity. The result of the conducted LCA for the main filtration system show a reduction in the generated environmental impacts for 5 of the evaluated categories. On one hand, there was an increase of 16.73% in the impacts generated for the Global warming potential category and 4.14% for Terrestrial acidification. In the remaining categories, impacts were reduced by a range of 17.71% for the Human Carcinogenic Toxicity up to a 44.05% for Marine Eutrophication. The processes with the greatest contribution to the impacts for the mineral GAC system were the production of the activated carbon and the consumption of electrical energy, accounting for between 86.4% and 96.6% of the total impact across all evaluated categories. Additionally, the GAC system was evaluated using activated carbon from wood waste, where the result showed that the generated impacts decreased by 30 to 50% compared to the current filtration system. Finally, based to the results obtained, it is concluded that the implementation of the GAC filtration systems proves to be favorable for the majority of evaluated impact categories. These results could be further improved by considering the use of a less polluting raw material than mineral coal, such as wood waste-based carbon or coconut shells (Kim et al., 2018). It is necessary and encouraged to evaluate complementary aspects that were not part of the focus of this study to have a complete analysis of the system. Furthermore, it is hoped that, based on this research work, future researchers will evaluate other filtration or optimization systems to reduce the impacts generated during water purification.
The current research work was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of an alternative filtration system using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) from mineral coal at the Atarjea water treatment plant through a Life cycle assessment. A previous study evaluated the environmental impact associated with the operational stage of the Atarjea water treatment plant (Montoya, 2021). Said study assessed that the process with the greatest contribution for the Global Warming Potential category was related to the use of activated carbon. This input is used during the de-sanding stage for the removal of 2-Metilisoborneol and Geosmin, according to the product technical data sheet report (Sedapal, 2019b) The methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts was Life Cycle Assessment, using the SimaPro software and the Econinvent database. The system boundaries include the construction, operation and maintenance of a filtration system with coal-based GAC contact basins, as well as an on-site reactivation system for the spent GAC. The information necessary for modeling the system was extracted from the design manual provided by the Environmental Protect Agency (EPA), the Ecoinvent database and the literature. The functional unit used was 1 cubic meter of filtered water as it´s a water treatment plant. The categories analyzed were: Global Warming Potential, Terrestrial Acidification, Marine Water Eutrophication, Freshwater Eutrophication, Human Toxicity Carcinogenic and not Carcinogenic and Freshwater ecotoxicity. The result of the conducted LCA for the main filtration system show a reduction in the generated environmental impacts for 5 of the evaluated categories. On one hand, there was an increase of 16.73% in the impacts generated for the Global warming potential category and 4.14% for Terrestrial acidification. In the remaining categories, impacts were reduced by a range of 17.71% for the Human Carcinogenic Toxicity up to a 44.05% for Marine Eutrophication. The processes with the greatest contribution to the impacts for the mineral GAC system were the production of the activated carbon and the consumption of electrical energy, accounting for between 86.4% and 96.6% of the total impact across all evaluated categories. Additionally, the GAC system was evaluated using activated carbon from wood waste, where the result showed that the generated impacts decreased by 30 to 50% compared to the current filtration system. Finally, based to the results obtained, it is concluded that the implementation of the GAC filtration systems proves to be favorable for the majority of evaluated impact categories. These results could be further improved by considering the use of a less polluting raw material than mineral coal, such as wood waste-based carbon or coconut shells (Kim et al., 2018). It is necessary and encouraged to evaluate complementary aspects that were not part of the focus of this study to have a complete analysis of the system. Furthermore, it is hoped that, based on this research work, future researchers will evaluate other filtration or optimization systems to reduce the impacts generated during water purification.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Carbón activado, Agua--Purificación, Agua--Salubridad--Perú, Filtración, Agua potable