La securitización de la migración de personas venezolanas a Perú: desarrollo y factores explicativos en torno a la agenda presidencial
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Date
2021-08-05
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La respuesta del gobierno peruano frente a la intensiva migración de
venezolanos al país desde el año 2017 experimenta un cambio sustancial con la
llegada de Martín Vizcarra a la Presidencia de la República en marzo del 2018.
Diversos trabajos coinciden en que tal cambio radica en la securitización de la
inmigración, lo que supone su definición como un problema de seguridad. El
presente trabajo se propone analizar dicha securitización hasta junio del 2019,
identificando sus características fundamentales y los factores relativos a
objetivos políticos del presidente que lo explica. La elección del enfoque de la
securitización para el análisis de la respuesta gubernamental se sustenta en que
parte de la inexistencia de una realidad perenne, considerando a la seguridad
como una construcción social. En consecuencia, la migración no constituye un
problema de seguridad de modo inherente, por lo que resulta fundamental
rastrear el desarrollo de su construcción. Asimismo, esta aproximación posibilita
explicar al endurecimiento de la política migratoria a partir de factores que
trascienden al fenómeno migratorio para entenderlo, también, desde los
objetivos políticos que han influido en su determinación. Se postula, entonces,
que esta securitización consiste en la progresiva asociación de la inmigración
con un problema para la seguridad ciudadana. Los factores explicativos
considerados son: la agenda presidencial vinculada a la política migratoria; el rol cumplido por los medios de comunicación; la opinión pública; y el uso político de
los datos sobre el fenómeno delictivo y la inmigración. Se concluye, entonces,
que durante el gobierno presidido por Vizcarra se forja de manera progresiva un
discurso que define a la inmigración venezolana como un problema de
seguridad, y con creciente relevancia, como uno para la seguridad ciudadana,
proceso que se comprende cabalmente a partir de un conjunto de factores
relativos a los objetivos políticos del presidente.
The response of the Peruvian government towards the massive migration of Venezuelan citizens that the country experience since 2017 changed drastically with the arrival of Martín Vizcarra to the Presidency in March of 2018. An array of texts and articles on the matter agree that such change in policy lies in the securitization of migration, which supposes its definition as a security problem. The present investigation proposes to analyze said securitization up to June of 2019, identifying its main characteristics and factors relative to the political objectives of the president that explain it. The election of the securitization perspective for the analysis of the government response is based, in part, on the inexistence of a perennial reality, considering security to be a social construct. In consequence, migration does not inherently constitute a security problem, which is why it is fundamental to trace the development of its construction. Likewise, this approach helps explain the hardening of migration policies from factors that transcend the migratory phenomenon in order to also understand it from the political objectives that have influenced in their determination. The research then proposes that this securitization consists of a progressive association of migration with a citizen security problem. The explicative factors considered are: the presidential agenda related to migration policy; the role played by the media; public opinion; and the political use of data about migration and criminal activity. The research concludes that during the government presided by Vizcarra a public discourse was forged progressively that defined Venezuelan migration as a security problem, and with growing relevance, a problem for citizen security, process with can be thoroughly comprehended from a group of factors relative to the political objectives of the president.
The response of the Peruvian government towards the massive migration of Venezuelan citizens that the country experience since 2017 changed drastically with the arrival of Martín Vizcarra to the Presidency in March of 2018. An array of texts and articles on the matter agree that such change in policy lies in the securitization of migration, which supposes its definition as a security problem. The present investigation proposes to analyze said securitization up to June of 2019, identifying its main characteristics and factors relative to the political objectives of the president that explain it. The election of the securitization perspective for the analysis of the government response is based, in part, on the inexistence of a perennial reality, considering security to be a social construct. In consequence, migration does not inherently constitute a security problem, which is why it is fundamental to trace the development of its construction. Likewise, this approach helps explain the hardening of migration policies from factors that transcend the migratory phenomenon in order to also understand it from the political objectives that have influenced in their determination. The research then proposes that this securitization consists of a progressive association of migration with a citizen security problem. The explicative factors considered are: the presidential agenda related to migration policy; the role played by the media; public opinion; and the political use of data about migration and criminal activity. The research concludes that during the government presided by Vizcarra a public discourse was forged progressively that defined Venezuelan migration as a security problem, and with growing relevance, a problem for citizen security, process with can be thoroughly comprehended from a group of factors relative to the political objectives of the president.
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Keywords
Venezolanos en Perú, Seguridad pública--Perú, Perú--Emigración e inmigración--Política gubernamental