Desencanto político: cómo el desequilibrio de poderes afecta la representación democrática
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Este artículo examina la erosión democrática en Perú a partir de la creciente
concentración de poder en el Congreso durante la última década y el progresivo
debilitamiento del poder ejecutivo. A través de un análisis de las reformas
constitucionales y cambios en las medidas de control político, la dinámica de los
partidos y los patrones de comportamiento institucional, muestra cómo el
conflicto entre los poderes del Estado ha dado lugar a un sistema desequilibrado
en el que el poder legislativo actúa sin controles y contrapesos efectivos.
La persistente crisis de representación y el descontento ciudadano han permitido
al Poder Legislativo ampliar su autoridad sin una resistencia significativa,
normalizando prácticas que distorsionan el propósito de la Constitución y
permiten un constitucionalismo instrumental. Este trabajo sostiene que la erosión
de la democracia en Perú no se manifiesta como una ruptura abrupta, sino como
un deterioro continúo alimentado por la fragmentación partidista, la ausencia de
diálogo entre las instituciones y la permisividad social ante la regresión
institucional.
Por último, sostiene que cualquier intento de fortalecer la democracia requiere
no solo ajustes normativos, sino también una profunda reconstrucción de la
representación política y del ahora debilitado pacto democrático.
This article examines democratic erosion in Peru based on the growing concentration of power in Congress over the last decade and the progressive weakening of the executive branch. Through an analysis of constitutional reforms and political control, party dynamics, and institutional behaviour patterns, it shows how conflict between the branches of government has led to an unbalanced system in which the legislature acts without effective checks and balances. The persistent crisis of representation and citizen disaffection have allowed Congress to expand its authority without significant resistance, normalising practices that distort the purpose of the Constitution and enable instrumental constitutionalism. This work argues that the erosion of democracy in Peru is not manifested as an abrupt break, but rather as a continuous deterioration fuelled by party fragmentation, the absence of dialogue between institutions, and social permissiveness in the face of institutional regression. Finally, it argues that any attempt to strengthen democracy requires not only regulatory adjustments, but also a profound reconstruction of political representation and the now weakened democratic pact.
This article examines democratic erosion in Peru based on the growing concentration of power in Congress over the last decade and the progressive weakening of the executive branch. Through an analysis of constitutional reforms and political control, party dynamics, and institutional behaviour patterns, it shows how conflict between the branches of government has led to an unbalanced system in which the legislature acts without effective checks and balances. The persistent crisis of representation and citizen disaffection have allowed Congress to expand its authority without significant resistance, normalising practices that distort the purpose of the Constitution and enable instrumental constitutionalism. This work argues that the erosion of democracy in Peru is not manifested as an abrupt break, but rather as a continuous deterioration fuelled by party fragmentation, the absence of dialogue between institutions, and social permissiveness in the face of institutional regression. Finally, it argues that any attempt to strengthen democracy requires not only regulatory adjustments, but also a profound reconstruction of political representation and the now weakened democratic pact.
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Democracia--América Latina, Participación ciudadana, Partidos políticos, América Latina--Política y gobierno
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