La banalización del off the record en los diarios El Comercio y Trome durante las Elecciones Generales 2021. Caso: Análisis de las “crónicas” políticas de Fernando Vivas y Miguel Ramírez
Date
2024-08-08
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El off the record es un recurso que el periodismo ofrece para revelar a los lectores información que, de otro modo, no sería posible conocer. Por ello, su uso debe estar plenamente justificado en casos en los que la fuente pueda sufrir represalias que pongan en riesgo su integridad física o su estabilidad laboral. Sin embargo, en los últimos años distintos medios de comunicación han desvirtuado su naturaleza de excepcionalidad y banalizado su uso al emplearlo de manera sistemática. Esta tendencia allana el terreno para que las fuentes anónimas puedan mentir, socava la credibilidad del periodismo y alienta el surgimiento de periodistas que, amparándose en el anonimato, inventan fuentes o incluyen en sus textos mentiras y exageraciones. En esta investigación nos centramos en las notas políticas escritas por Fernando Vivas, en el diario El Comercio, y Miguel Ramírez, en el diario Trome. La hipótesis principal que busca validar esta tesis es determinar si es que estos periodistas usan de manera recurrente e injustificada el off the record. Tras un análisis cualitativo del contenido de 48 notas y de entrevistas semiestructuradas a ocho periodistas, se concluye que tanto Vivas como Ramírez abusan del off the record durante su cobertura política: por un lado, Fernando Vivas ocultó la identidad de sus fuentes en el 45,4% de los casos; y Ramírez, en el 31%. Además, ambos emplean el anonimato para publicar textos periodísticos sin rigurosidad, basados en rumores y opiniones de fuentes que opinan y critican, pero que no se identifican.
Off the record is a resource that journalism offers to reveal to readers information that, otherwise, would not be possible to know. Therefore, its use must be fully justified in cases in which the source may suffer retaliation that puts his or her physical integrity or job stability at risk. However, in recent years different media outlets have distorted its exceptional nature and trivialized its use by using it systematically. This trend paves the way for anonymous sources to lie, undermines the credibility of journalism and encourages the emergence of journalists who, under cover of anonymity, invent sources or include lies and exaggerations in their texts. In this research we focus on the political notes written by Fernando Vivas, in the newspaper El Comercio, and Miguel Ramírez, in the newspaper Trome. The main hypothesis that seeks to validate this thesis is to determine whether these journalists use off the record recurrently and unjustifiably. After a qualitative analysis of the content of 48 articles and semi-structured interviews with eight journalists, it is concluded that both Vivas and Ramírez abuse off the record during their political coverage: on the one hand, Fernando Vivas hid the identity of his sources in 45, 4% of cases; and Ramírez, at 31%. Furthermore, both use anonymity to publish journalistic texts without rigor, based on rumors and opinions from sources who give their opinion and criticize, but who do not identify themselves.
Off the record is a resource that journalism offers to reveal to readers information that, otherwise, would not be possible to know. Therefore, its use must be fully justified in cases in which the source may suffer retaliation that puts his or her physical integrity or job stability at risk. However, in recent years different media outlets have distorted its exceptional nature and trivialized its use by using it systematically. This trend paves the way for anonymous sources to lie, undermines the credibility of journalism and encourages the emergence of journalists who, under cover of anonymity, invent sources or include lies and exaggerations in their texts. In this research we focus on the political notes written by Fernando Vivas, in the newspaper El Comercio, and Miguel Ramírez, in the newspaper Trome. The main hypothesis that seeks to validate this thesis is to determine whether these journalists use off the record recurrently and unjustifiably. After a qualitative analysis of the content of 48 articles and semi-structured interviews with eight journalists, it is concluded that both Vivas and Ramírez abuse off the record during their political coverage: on the one hand, Fernando Vivas hid the identity of his sources in 45, 4% of cases; and Ramírez, at 31%. Furthermore, both use anonymity to publish journalistic texts without rigor, based on rumors and opinions from sources who give their opinion and criticize, but who do not identify themselves.
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Elecciones--Perú--Siglo XXI, Periódicos peruanos--Siglo XXI, Periodismo--Aspectos políticos--Perú, Comunicaciones confidenciales--Prensa--Perú
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