La protección de los derechos individuales homogéneos frente al despido incausado: la reposición anticipada como parte de una tutela adecuada del derecho al trabajo del grupo afectado
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente trabajo nace de la observación de los efectos y consecuencias
negativas que se aprecian en el transcurso de un proceso laboral de reposición por
despido incausado, debido al tiempo de su duración, afectado, además, por la conducta
de las partes y de los órganos jurisdiccionales, así como de la falta de incentivos y
conocimientos para la organización de una acción de grupo cuando los afectados
conforman un colectivo de trabajadores, considerando la falta de una regulación más
completa y adecuada, a diferencia de las propuestas establecidas en la doctrina y el
Código Modelo de Procesos Colectivos para Iberoamérica.
De esta observación se advirtió que, si en un proceso que pretende la reposición
de un trabajador despedido sin causa, se busca reparar el daño reponiendo el derecho
afectado al momento previo de la afectación, la vía idónea para evitar que el trabajador
afectado sufra las consecuencias negativas del proceso sería la reposición anticipada.
Ello en tanto que se reconoce al derecho al trabajo como uno de carácter alimentario,
que garantiza la subsistencia del trabajador afectado, su familia y sus dependientes;
considerándose así que la continuidad de la conducta lesiva puede generar que el
derecho afectado sea dañado de forma irreparable, lo que hace necesaria una tutela
oportuna e incluso inmediata.
Si bien esta posibilidad se encuentra contemplada en nuestro ordenamiento
procesal laboral a través de una tutela cautelar, en el presente trabajo se postula que
esta no sería la vía idónea para garantizar la tutela del derecho al trabajo frente a un
despido incausado, y mucho menos cuando la afectación se produce sobre una
colectividad. Por el contrario, este trabajo sostiene que la vía adecuada sería la tutela
anticipada, la cual permitiría anticipar los efectos de la sentencia de reposición en favor
de todo el grupo, evitando un mayor daño al multiplicarse por todos los miembros del
grupo las consecuencias negativas de la demora del proceso.
This work originates from the observation of the negative effects and consequences appreciated during a work reinstatement process due to unjustified dismissal. These adverse effects are primarily attributable to the lengthy duration of the proceedings, worsened by the conduct of the parties involved and the judicial authorities, as well as the lack of incentives and knowledge necessary for organizing collective actions when the affected individuals constitute a group of workers. This situation is compounded by the absence of a more comprehensive and appropriate regulatory framework, distinguished from the proposals established in doctrinal sources and the Model Code of Collective Procedures for Ibero-America. From this observation, it was noted that, in a process seeking to reestablish the employment of a worker wrongful dismissal, the primary objective is to remedy the harm by restoring the right affected to its state prior to the violation. The most suitable remedy to prevent the affected worker from suffering the negative consequences of the procedure would be the early work reinstatement. This is justified by recognizing the right to work as an essential or alimentary right, which guarantees the subsistence of the affected worker, their family, and dependents. Therefore, it is considered that continuation of the injurious conduct could lead to irreparable damage to the affected right, thereby requiring timely and even immediate judicial protection. Although this possibility is contemplated within our labor procedural legal system through precautionary protection, this work argues that such measures would not be the most appropriate means to safeguard the right to work in the face of unjustified dismissal—particularly when the impact involves a collective group. Conversely, this study advocates for the implementation of anticipatory protection, which would allow the effects of the upfront protection to be brought forward for the entire group, thereby preventing further harm that could be amplified as negative consequences of procedural delays multiply among all members of the collective.
This work originates from the observation of the negative effects and consequences appreciated during a work reinstatement process due to unjustified dismissal. These adverse effects are primarily attributable to the lengthy duration of the proceedings, worsened by the conduct of the parties involved and the judicial authorities, as well as the lack of incentives and knowledge necessary for organizing collective actions when the affected individuals constitute a group of workers. This situation is compounded by the absence of a more comprehensive and appropriate regulatory framework, distinguished from the proposals established in doctrinal sources and the Model Code of Collective Procedures for Ibero-America. From this observation, it was noted that, in a process seeking to reestablish the employment of a worker wrongful dismissal, the primary objective is to remedy the harm by restoring the right affected to its state prior to the violation. The most suitable remedy to prevent the affected worker from suffering the negative consequences of the procedure would be the early work reinstatement. This is justified by recognizing the right to work as an essential or alimentary right, which guarantees the subsistence of the affected worker, their family, and dependents. Therefore, it is considered that continuation of the injurious conduct could lead to irreparable damage to the affected right, thereby requiring timely and even immediate judicial protection. Although this possibility is contemplated within our labor procedural legal system through precautionary protection, this work argues that such measures would not be the most appropriate means to safeguard the right to work in the face of unjustified dismissal—particularly when the impact involves a collective group. Conversely, this study advocates for the implementation of anticipatory protection, which would allow the effects of the upfront protection to be brought forward for the entire group, thereby preventing further harm that could be amplified as negative consequences of procedural delays multiply among all members of the collective.
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Derecho laboral--Legislación--Perú, Medidas cautelares (Procedimiento civil)--Perú, Despido de empleados--Legislación--Perú, Estabilidad laboral--Perú
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item.page.endorsement
item.page.review
item.page.supplemented
item.page.referenced
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