Pertinencia de situaciones problema sobre los irracionales en textos didácticos de la secundaria peruana
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2019-02-06
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las tareas planteadas en los textos didácticos oficiales empleados en la secundaria peruana en relación a la noción de número irracional y, asimismo, analizar en qué medida dichas tareas contribuyen a la comprensión de dicha noción matemática. El interés por este estudio surge a raíz de la identificación de la naturaleza particular que poseen los irracionales y, también, porque es considerado como tema de estudio en la Educación Básica Peruana para el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas asociadas a la resolución de problemas. Ello implica que los textos didácticos presenten tareas y actividades sobre el número irracional, por lo cual es necesario analizar su pertinencia. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se reconstruyen los significados de referencia asociados al número irracional por medio del estudio de investigaciones sobre la epistemología de este objeto matemático y, a partir de estos significados, se extraen aspectos propios que caracterizan al número irracional, las cuales se toman en cuenta para el análisis de las tareas presentes en los textos didácticos. En el proceso de reconstrucción de los significados de referencia e identificación de aspectos sobre la razón de ser del número irracional, se emplean herramientas teóricas del Enfoque Ontosemiótico de la Cognición e Instrucción Matemática (EOS). En particular, se consideran los objetos primarios (situación problema, lenguaje, proposiciones, propiedades, procedimientos y argumentos) inmersos en las distintas situaciones problemáticas asociadas al número irracional. Como resultado del trabajo, se obtuvieron cinco significados parciales del número irracional y se identifica al número irracional como un concepto asociado al infinito, que aparece en contextos intra matemáticos y que implican procesos de aproximación. Del estudio a las tareas presentes en los textos didácticos sobre los irracionales, se concluye que estas tareas no rescatan aquellos aspectos característicos propios de este número y tampoco las asocian a los significados reconocidos, solo se justifica su presencia por medio de operaciones, aproximaciones y su uso en fórmulas.
This work aims to analyze the tasks raised in the official didactic texts used in a Peruvian high school in relation to the notion of irrational numbers, and also to analyzing to what extent these tasks contribute to the understanding of this mathematical notion. The interest for this study arises from the identification of the particular nature that irrationals have and, also, because this is considered as a subject of study in Peruvian school curriculum for the development of mathematical competences associated to solving problems. This implies that didactic texts present tasks and activities about irrational numbers and it is necessary to analyze their relevance. To achieve this objective the meanings associated with the irrational number are reconstructed through the study of research on the epistemology of this mathematical object and, from these meanings, aspects proper to the irrational number are extracted, which are taken into account for the analysis of the tasks present in the didactic texts. In the process of reconstruction of the meanings and identification of aspects about the reason of being of the irrational number, theoretical tools of onto semiotic Approach of the Cognition and Mathematical Instruction (EOS) are used. In particular, the primary objects (problem situation, language, propositions, properties, procedures and arguments) associated with the irrational number are considered. As a result of the work, five partial meanings of the irrational number were obtained and the irrational number was identified as a concept associated with infinity, which appears in intra-mathematical contexts and which involves approximation processes. From the study to the present tasks in the didactic texts about the irrationals it is concluded that these tasks do not rescue those characteristic aspects of this number and do not associate them with the recognized meanings; only its presence is justified by means of operations, approximations and its use in formulas.
This work aims to analyze the tasks raised in the official didactic texts used in a Peruvian high school in relation to the notion of irrational numbers, and also to analyzing to what extent these tasks contribute to the understanding of this mathematical notion. The interest for this study arises from the identification of the particular nature that irrationals have and, also, because this is considered as a subject of study in Peruvian school curriculum for the development of mathematical competences associated to solving problems. This implies that didactic texts present tasks and activities about irrational numbers and it is necessary to analyze their relevance. To achieve this objective the meanings associated with the irrational number are reconstructed through the study of research on the epistemology of this mathematical object and, from these meanings, aspects proper to the irrational number are extracted, which are taken into account for the analysis of the tasks present in the didactic texts. In the process of reconstruction of the meanings and identification of aspects about the reason of being of the irrational number, theoretical tools of onto semiotic Approach of the Cognition and Mathematical Instruction (EOS) are used. In particular, the primary objects (problem situation, language, propositions, properties, procedures and arguments) associated with the irrational number are considered. As a result of the work, five partial meanings of the irrational number were obtained and the irrational number was identified as a concept associated with infinity, which appears in intra-mathematical contexts and which involves approximation processes. From the study to the present tasks in the didactic texts about the irrationals it is concluded that these tasks do not rescue those characteristic aspects of this number and do not associate them with the recognized meanings; only its presence is justified by means of operations, approximations and its use in formulas.
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Matemáticas--Estudio y enseñanza (Secundaria), Educación secundaria--Investigaciones, Textos escolares
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