Una perspectiva spinoziana reactualizada en función del problema de la libertad
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2022-05-13
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
En este trabajo, me propongo abordar, desde una óptica spinoziana reactualizada, algunos
aspectos del problema del libre albedrío. Partiré de la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuál es el tipo de
libertad que rechaza y el tipo de libertad que defiende Spinoza? Para él, el libre albedrío no
existe. El tipo de libertad que, desde su determinismo, defiende es el actuar en función del
conocimiento de las causas de nuestros estados mentales. En efecto, Spinoza, por un lado,
niega la existencia del libre albedrío porque lo considera como una ilusión. Según él, dado
que somos conscientes de nuestros deseos y que podemos actuar en consecuencia, creemos
tener libre albedrío; pero nuestros deseos tienen una serie de causas de las cuales no somos
conscientes. Por otro lado, el tipo de libertad defendida por Spinoza está relacionada con el
paso de ser pasivos a activos; esto es, tendemos a asociar, pre-reflexivamente, objetos
exteriores con nuestras experiencias emocionales; pero si separamos el objeto de la emoción
y, mediante un ejercicio reflexivo, conocemos las causas que generan tal emoción, estaríamos
siendo agentes, pues esto nos permite actuar activamente en favor de nuestro conatus. He
dividido este trabajo en tres capítulos. En el primero, deseo reconstruir, someramente, la
crítica de Spinoza a la libertad como libre albedrío. En el segundo, voy a abordar la propuesta
spinoziana de libertad. Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo, me voy a concentrar, a partir de una
reactualización de la propuesta de Spinoza, en algunos aspectos de la discusión
contemporánea sobre el problema de la libertad
In this investigation, I intend to address, from a spinozian perspective updated, some aspects of the problem of free will. I will start from the following question: What is the type of freedom that Spinoza rejects and the type of freedom that Spinoza defends? According to him, free will does not exist. The type of freedom that, from his deterministic position, he holds is to act based on the knowledge of the causes of our mental states. Indeed, Spinoza, on the one hand, denies the existence of free will because he regards it as an illusion. According to him, since we are aware of our desires and can act accordingly, we believe we have free will; but our desires have a series of causes of which we are not aware. On the other hand, the type of freedom defended by Spinoza is related to the passage from being passive to active; that is, we tend to associate, pre-reflectively, external objects with our emotional experiences; but if we separate the object from the emotion and, through a reflexive exercise, we know the causes that generate such emotion, we would be agents, since this allows us to act actively in favor of our conatus. I have divided this investigation into two chapters. In the first chapter, I briefly reconstruct Spinoza's critique of freedom as free will. In the second one, I am going to approach the spinozian proposal of freedom. Finally, in the third chapter, I am going to concentrate, based on a re-updating of Spinoza's proposal, on some aspects of the contemporary discussion on the problem of freedom.
In this investigation, I intend to address, from a spinozian perspective updated, some aspects of the problem of free will. I will start from the following question: What is the type of freedom that Spinoza rejects and the type of freedom that Spinoza defends? According to him, free will does not exist. The type of freedom that, from his deterministic position, he holds is to act based on the knowledge of the causes of our mental states. Indeed, Spinoza, on the one hand, denies the existence of free will because he regards it as an illusion. According to him, since we are aware of our desires and can act accordingly, we believe we have free will; but our desires have a series of causes of which we are not aware. On the other hand, the type of freedom defended by Spinoza is related to the passage from being passive to active; that is, we tend to associate, pre-reflectively, external objects with our emotional experiences; but if we separate the object from the emotion and, through a reflexive exercise, we know the causes that generate such emotion, we would be agents, since this allows us to act actively in favor of our conatus. I have divided this investigation into two chapters. In the first chapter, I briefly reconstruct Spinoza's critique of freedom as free will. In the second one, I am going to approach the spinozian proposal of freedom. Finally, in the third chapter, I am going to concentrate, based on a re-updating of Spinoza's proposal, on some aspects of the contemporary discussion on the problem of freedom.
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Spinoza, Benedictus, 1632-1677--Estudio y crítica, Libre albedrío y determinismo, Conocimiento, Libertad--Filosofía
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