Síntesis mediante acidólisis y alcohólisis y caracterización de resinas alquídicas largas en aceite de sacha inchi con trimetilolpropano y pentaeritritol
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Las resinas alquídicas son poliésteres modificados con ácidos grasos
provenientes de aceites vegetales que tienen la propiedad notable de reaccionar con
el oxígeno del aire, con lo que se produce el entrecruzamiento de sus cadenas y su
rápido secado. Cuando el contenido de aceite es mayor a 60 % se clasifican como
“largas” y tienen aplicaciones como medios de pintado artísticos. En el presente
trabajo de tesis se sintetizaron resinas alquídicas largas por dos metodologías
distintas: acidólisis y alcohólisis. Se empleó aceite de linaza, el más utilizado en los
productos comerciales, y aceite de sacha inchi, con un contenido de insaturaciones
similar al de linaza. También se empleó pentaeritritol, uno de los polioles más
utilizados; y el trimetilolpropano, que no ha sido lo suficientemente estudiado como
materia prima de estas resinas. La caracterización fisicoquímica de las resinas incluyó
la determinación del número ácido, color, viscosidad, densidad, tiempo de secado
sobre lienzo y perfil de curado con una microbalanza de cristal de cuarzo. La
caracterización estructural consistió en espectroscopía FTIR, RMN 1H y RMN 13C. Se
encontró que las resinas sintetizadas con sacha inchi presentaron una menor
coloración en comparación con las de linaza, lo que constituye una ventaja importante
como medio de pintado artístico, a la vez que presentan bajos tiempos de secado en
determinadas formulaciones. El uso de trimetilolpropano permitió obtener resinas
alquídicas con baja viscosidad, una característica también deseable para estas
aplicaciones.
Alkyd resins are polyesters modified with fatty acids from vegetable oils and have the remarkable property of reacting with oxygen from the air, which produces the crosslinking of the fatty acid chains and their rapid drying. When the oil content is greater than 60 %, they are classified as “long” and have applications as artistic painting media. In this thesis work, long alkyd resins were synthesized by two different processes: acidolysis and alcoholysis. Linseed oil, the most widely used in commercial products, and sacha inchi oil, with an unsaturation content similar to that of linseed, were used. Pentaerythritol, one of the most widely used polyols, and trimethylolpropane, which has not been sufficiently studied as a raw material for these resins, were also employed. The characterization of the resins included the determination of the acid number, color, viscosity, density, drying time on canvas and curing profile with a quartz crystal microbalance. Structural characterization consisted of FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. It was found that the resins synthesized with sacha inchi oil presented a lower coloration compared to those of linseed, which constitutes an important advantage for the artistic field, while having low drying times in certain formulations. The use of trimethylolpropane made it possible to obtain alkyd resins with low viscosity, a property that is also desirable for these applications.
Alkyd resins are polyesters modified with fatty acids from vegetable oils and have the remarkable property of reacting with oxygen from the air, which produces the crosslinking of the fatty acid chains and their rapid drying. When the oil content is greater than 60 %, they are classified as “long” and have applications as artistic painting media. In this thesis work, long alkyd resins were synthesized by two different processes: acidolysis and alcoholysis. Linseed oil, the most widely used in commercial products, and sacha inchi oil, with an unsaturation content similar to that of linseed, were used. Pentaerythritol, one of the most widely used polyols, and trimethylolpropane, which has not been sufficiently studied as a raw material for these resins, were also employed. The characterization of the resins included the determination of the acid number, color, viscosity, density, drying time on canvas and curing profile with a quartz crystal microbalance. Structural characterization consisted of FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. It was found that the resins synthesized with sacha inchi oil presented a lower coloration compared to those of linseed, which constitutes an important advantage for the artistic field, while having low drying times in certain formulations. The use of trimethylolpropane made it possible to obtain alkyd resins with low viscosity, a property that is also desirable for these applications.
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Resinas alquídicas--Síntesis, Aceite de linaza, Trimetilolpropano
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