Informe jurídico sobre la Sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso Olivera Fuentes vs. Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El caso Olivera Fuentes vs. Perú, resuelto por la Corte Interamericana de
Derechos Humanos en 2023, constituye un precedente relevante para analizar
la responsabilidad internacional del Estado frente a actos discriminatorios
cometidos por particulares en relaciones de consumo. Este trabajo examina la
omisión del Estado peruano al no proteger adecuadamente los derechos de
Crissthian Manuel Olivera Fuentes, discriminado por su orientación sexual en un
supermercado en Lima y posteriormente desprotegido por instancias
administrativas y judiciales internas.
El problema jurídico principal se aborda desde tres dimensiones: en primer lugar,
se examina la articulación entre el deber estatal de prevención y la
responsabilidad empresarial conforme a los Principios Rectores sobre las
Empresas y los Derechos Humanos (ONU, 2011), subrayando la importancia de
una regulación más precisa del rol empresarial frente a la discriminación. En
segundo lugar, se evalúa el estándar probatorio de la Corte IDH basado en la
presentación de "indicios razonables" y la inversión de la carga de la prueba,
reconociendo su carácter garantista, pero señalando la necesidad de definir
criterios interpretativos más claros. Finalmente, se analiza el estándar
establecido por la Corte IDH sobre el deber estatal de respetar y garantizar la
igualdad y no discriminación en interdependencia con otros derechos humanos
(vida privada, libertad personal, garantías judiciales y protección judicial),
concluyendo que, aunque la Corte IDH articula adecuadamente esta
interrelación, debió precisar orientaciones más concretas para su aplicación
efectiva.
Se recomienda robustecer la implementación interna del estándar
interamericano para garantizar efectivamente la igualdad sustantiva de las
personas LGBTIQ+.
The case of Olivera Fuentes v. Peru, decided by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2023, constitutes a significant precedent for analyzing State responsibility for discriminatory acts by private actors in consumer relations. This study examines the Peruvian State’s failure to adequately safeguard the rights of Crissthian Manuel Olivera Fuentes, who suffered discrimination based on his sexual orientation in a Lima supermarket and was subsequently left unprotected by domestic administrative and judicial authorities. The legal analysis is structured around three key dimensions: first, it assesses the articulation between the State’s duty to prevent discrimination and corporate responsibility, framed through the lens of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011), emphasizing the need for more precise regulatory frameworks governing private-sector conduct. Second, it evaluates the evidentiary standard based on “prima facie evidence” and the reversal of the burden of proof, recognizing its protective nature while highlighting the need for clearer interpretive criteria. Third, it examines the standard established by the Court regarding the State’s obligation to respect and ensure equality and nondiscrimination in connection with other human rights -such as private life, personal liberty, judicial guarantees, and judicial protection- concluding that, while the Court correctly acknowledges their interdependence, it falls short in providing concrete guidance for effective implementation. The study stresses the need to effectively implement the Inter-American human rights framework at the domestic level in order to ensure the full realization of substantive equality for LGBTIQ+ individuals.
The case of Olivera Fuentes v. Peru, decided by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2023, constitutes a significant precedent for analyzing State responsibility for discriminatory acts by private actors in consumer relations. This study examines the Peruvian State’s failure to adequately safeguard the rights of Crissthian Manuel Olivera Fuentes, who suffered discrimination based on his sexual orientation in a Lima supermarket and was subsequently left unprotected by domestic administrative and judicial authorities. The legal analysis is structured around three key dimensions: first, it assesses the articulation between the State’s duty to prevent discrimination and corporate responsibility, framed through the lens of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011), emphasizing the need for more precise regulatory frameworks governing private-sector conduct. Second, it evaluates the evidentiary standard based on “prima facie evidence” and the reversal of the burden of proof, recognizing its protective nature while highlighting the need for clearer interpretive criteria. Third, it examines the standard established by the Court regarding the State’s obligation to respect and ensure equality and nondiscrimination in connection with other human rights -such as private life, personal liberty, judicial guarantees, and judicial protection- concluding that, while the Court correctly acknowledges their interdependence, it falls short in providing concrete guidance for effective implementation. The study stresses the need to effectively implement the Inter-American human rights framework at the domestic level in order to ensure the full realization of substantive equality for LGBTIQ+ individuals.
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Derechos humanos--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos--Jurisprudencia, Discriminación sexual--Legislación--Perú
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