¿Se acabó el bono por movilidad? Una aproximación a la invalidez del cese unilateral del beneficio de movilidad a la luz de la costumbre como fuente de derecho en el ámbito laboral
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente informe tiene como objetivo analizar si es jurídicamente viable que la empresa Servicio
de Vigilancia Canina S.A. cesara unilateralmente el pago de la movilidad dispensada al trabajador
Juan Morillo, quien percibió dicho concepto, de forma mensual, por más de cinco años. En primer
lugar, se analiza si la movilidad otorgada al demandante se configuró como costumbre. La
costumbre es reconocida por nuestra Constitución como fuente de derecho, y ha sido desarrollada
en doctrina y jurisprudencia, que señalan como elementos necesarios un comportamiento
repetitivo y la conciencia de obligatoriedad. Un tercer elemento es señalado por la doctrina, que
se refiere al ámbito en que se lleva a cabo el comportamiento. En este caso, cumplidos los
elementos que configuran una costumbre, el pago por movilidad dispensado al demandante se
convirtió en costumbre. Por ello, a continuación, nos preguntamos si, habiéndose originado una
costumbre, el empleador podía ponerle fin a su otorgamiento de manera unilateral. Se concluye
que, tratándose de una costumbre, solamente habían dos formas válidas: pactando su
modificación o terminación o mediante ley. Asimismo, se desarrollan después dos problemas
complementarios. El primero aborda la naturaleza del bono por movilidad otorgado al trabajador.
Los indicios orientan a pensar que no se trata de una condición de trabajo, sino de un concepto
remunerativo desnaturalizado. Finalmente, el último punto aborda específicamente la sentencia
casatoria emitida por la Corte Suprema, que adolece de una adecuada motivación interna, pues
las premisas que expone no guardan relación con la conclusión a la que arriba.
The purpose of this report is to analyze whether it is legally feasible for the company Servicio de Vigilancia Canina S.A. to unilaterally stop paying the mobility allowance granted to the worker Juan Morillo, who received said concept, on a monthly basis, for more than five years. Firstly, it analyzes whether the mobility granted to the plaintiff was configured as a custom. Custom is recognized by our Constitution as a source of law, and has been developed in doctrine and jurisprudence, which indicate repetitive behavior and awareness of obligation as necessary elements. A third element is indicated by the doctrine, which refers to the area in which the behavior is carried out. In this case, once the elements that configure a custom were fulfilled, the payment for mobility granted to the plaintiff became a custom. Therefore, we then ask ourselves whether, having originated a custom, the employer could put an end to it unilaterally. It is concluded that, as it is a custom, there were only two valid ways: by agreeing to its modification or termination or by law. Two complementary problems are then developed. The first addresses the nature of the mobility bonus granted to the worker. The evidence suggests that it is not a work condition, but rather a denatured remunerative concept. Finally, the last point specifically addresses the cassation judgment issued by the Supreme Court, which lacks adequate internal motivation, since the premises it sets forth are not related to the conclusion it reaches.
The purpose of this report is to analyze whether it is legally feasible for the company Servicio de Vigilancia Canina S.A. to unilaterally stop paying the mobility allowance granted to the worker Juan Morillo, who received said concept, on a monthly basis, for more than five years. Firstly, it analyzes whether the mobility granted to the plaintiff was configured as a custom. Custom is recognized by our Constitution as a source of law, and has been developed in doctrine and jurisprudence, which indicate repetitive behavior and awareness of obligation as necessary elements. A third element is indicated by the doctrine, which refers to the area in which the behavior is carried out. In this case, once the elements that configure a custom were fulfilled, the payment for mobility granted to the plaintiff became a custom. Therefore, we then ask ourselves whether, having originated a custom, the employer could put an end to it unilaterally. It is concluded that, as it is a custom, there were only two valid ways: by agreeing to its modification or termination or by law. Two complementary problems are then developed. The first addresses the nature of the mobility bonus granted to the worker. The evidence suggests that it is not a work condition, but rather a denatured remunerative concept. Finally, the last point specifically addresses the cassation judgment issued by the Supreme Court, which lacks adequate internal motivation, since the premises it sets forth are not related to the conclusion it reaches.
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Derecho laboral--Legislación--Perú, Trabajadores--Derechos--Perú, Derecho individual del trabajo--Perú
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