Estudio del pulverizado de termoplásticos reciclados para la fabricación de materiales compuestos mediante moldeo rotacional
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El reciclaje de materiales termoplásticos se ha vuelto crucial en la industria de
los materiales debido al incremento de residuos plásticos y sus efectos perjudiciales
sobre el ambiente. En este contexto, el pulverizado surge como una alternativa viable,
al permitir transformar residuos en polvos reutilizables con características adecuadas
para nuevos procesos. Estudios previos han demostrado que factores como la forma, el
tamaño de partícula, la temperatura de molienda y la configuración del equipo influyen
directamente en la calidad del polvo y en el rendimiento de aplicaciones como el moldeo
rotacional. Esta investigación responde a dicha problemática proponiendo una solución
técnica que mejora la reciclabilidad de los termoplásticos y promueve prácticas
sostenibles en la industria.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar el pulverizado de termoplásticos
reciclados que serán empleados como materiales alternativos para la fabricación de
materiales compuestos de termoplásticos reciclados o recuperados mediante moldeo
rotacional.
La metodología consideró el uso de materiales termoplásticos reciclados o
recuperados, como HDPE proveniente de tapas de botellas recicladas, así como PVC
rígido y poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) recuperados de los procesos de fabricación
de una empresa dedicada a productos plásticos. El diseño experimental propuesto
consideró variables como la temperatura, el espaciamiento entre discos de corte
(mínimo, medio y grueso), la velocidad del motor (RPM) y la velocidad de alimentación
(Vf). Posteriormente, se realizaron pruebas bajo condiciones controladas y se
caracterizaron los polvos obtenidos mediante ensayos como: FTIR, granulometría,
SEM, índice de fluidez y densidad aparente; para evaluar el comportamiento del polvo
bajo diferentes condiciones de procesamiento y, en particular, en aplicaciones de
moldeo rotacional. Los materiales se identificaron a través de ensayos de FTIR, mientras
que la densidad aparente permitió detectar variaciones en la compactación de las
partículas y con el análisis SEM se observó si presentaban una estructura adecuada
según lo descrito en la literatura.
El estudio del pulverizado de los plásticos reciclados o recuperados: HDPE,
HIPS y PVC rígido, evidenció que la eficiencia del proceso está directamente
condicionada por la interacción entre el espaciamiento entre discos, la velocidad de
alimentación y las RPM del motor. Las condiciones de pulverizado que generen polvos
con características óptimas para ser utilizados en el proceso de moldeo rotacional, son:
HDPE: mínimo espaciamiento (0.3 mm), 100 % RPM y 100 % Vf; HIPS: espaciamiento
medio (0.6 mm), 100 % RPM y 100 % Vf; y PVC rígido: mínimo espaciamiento (0.3 mm),
100 % RPM y 100 % Vf.
The recycling of thermoplastic materials has become a critical priority in the materials industry due to the increasing volume of plastic waste and its detrimental environmental impact. In this context, pulverization emerges as a viable alternative, enabling the transformation of waste into reusable powders with properties suitable for new manufacturing processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that factors such as particle shape, particle size, milling temperature, and equipment configuration directly influence powder quality and the performance of applications such as rotational molding. This research addresses this issue by proposing a technical solution aimed at improving the recyclability of thermoplastics while promoting sustainable industrial practices. The present work aims to investigate the pulverization of recycled thermoplastics for use as alternative feedstock in the production of composite materials from recycled or recovered thermoplastics through rotational molding. The methodology involved the use of recycled or recovered thermoplastics, including HDPE obtained from recycled bottle caps, as well as rigid PVC and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) recovered from the manufacturing processes of a plastic products company. The experimental design considered variables such as milling temperature, cutting disc spacing (minimum, medium, and coarse), motor speed (RPM), and feed rate (Vf). Controlled trials were then conducted, and the resulting powders were characterized through tests including FTIR, particle size analysis, SEM, melt flow index, and bulk density measurements to evaluate powder behavior under different processing conditions, particularly in rotational molding applications. Materials were identified by FTIR, while bulk density measurements enabled the detection of particle compaction variations, and SEM analysis was used to assess the suitability of particle morphology according to literature standards. The study on the pulverization of recycled or recovered plastics—HDPE, HIPS, and rigid PVC—showed that process efficiency is directly determined by the interaction between disk spacing, feed rate, and motor RPM. The pulverization conditions that produce powders with optimal characteristics for use in the rotational molding process are as follows: HDPE: minimum spacing (0.3 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate; HIPS: medium spacing (0.6 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate; and rigid PVC: minimum spacing (0.3 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate.
The recycling of thermoplastic materials has become a critical priority in the materials industry due to the increasing volume of plastic waste and its detrimental environmental impact. In this context, pulverization emerges as a viable alternative, enabling the transformation of waste into reusable powders with properties suitable for new manufacturing processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that factors such as particle shape, particle size, milling temperature, and equipment configuration directly influence powder quality and the performance of applications such as rotational molding. This research addresses this issue by proposing a technical solution aimed at improving the recyclability of thermoplastics while promoting sustainable industrial practices. The present work aims to investigate the pulverization of recycled thermoplastics for use as alternative feedstock in the production of composite materials from recycled or recovered thermoplastics through rotational molding. The methodology involved the use of recycled or recovered thermoplastics, including HDPE obtained from recycled bottle caps, as well as rigid PVC and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) recovered from the manufacturing processes of a plastic products company. The experimental design considered variables such as milling temperature, cutting disc spacing (minimum, medium, and coarse), motor speed (RPM), and feed rate (Vf). Controlled trials were then conducted, and the resulting powders were characterized through tests including FTIR, particle size analysis, SEM, melt flow index, and bulk density measurements to evaluate powder behavior under different processing conditions, particularly in rotational molding applications. Materials were identified by FTIR, while bulk density measurements enabled the detection of particle compaction variations, and SEM analysis was used to assess the suitability of particle morphology according to literature standards. The study on the pulverization of recycled or recovered plastics—HDPE, HIPS, and rigid PVC—showed that process efficiency is directly determined by the interaction between disk spacing, feed rate, and motor RPM. The pulverization conditions that produce powders with optimal characteristics for use in the rotational molding process are as follows: HDPE: minimum spacing (0.3 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate; HIPS: medium spacing (0.6 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate; and rigid PVC: minimum spacing (0.3 mm), 100 % RPM, and 100 % feed rate.
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Materiales compuestos, Plásticos--Moldeo, Termoplásticos, Plásticos--Reciclaje
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