Análisis integral de viabilidad para un proyecto de vivienda social en Ica
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
Toda inversión conlleva riesgos, y estos se incrementan en países como el Perú,
donde la cercanía de elecciones generales, regionales y municipales se desarrollan dentro de
un marco de inestabilidad política, fragilidad institucional y creciente descontento social,
especialmente en las regiones andinas y amazónicas. En este entorno, la economía peruana
mostraría un crecimiento aproximado de 2.3% en 2025, luego de dos años de bajo
dinamismo. No obstante, la inversión privada continúa rezagada debido a la incertidumbre
política, al continuo aumento de la inseguridad ciudadana violencia, entre otros factores.
El panorama internacional y regional también presenta alta volatilidad. Entre los
elementos externos que inciden en la inversión privada destacan la desaceleración económica
global —con un crecimiento cercano al 2.9%—, la reducción progresiva de la inflación en
países desarrollados y emergentes, y tensiones comerciales como la guerra de aranceles
impulsada por el gobierno de Estados Unidos a distintos países del mundo. A nivel
latinoamericano, el crecimiento previsto no supera en promedio el 1.7%, en medio de
escenarios marcados por polarización política, criminalidad organizada, corrupción e
impunidad. Estas condiciones globales y regionales repercuten en el incremento de los costos
financieros, el encarecimiento de materiales de construcción, la reducción de flujos de
inversión extranjera y la limitada priorización de la vivienda social en las agendas
gubernamentales. Como consecuencia, programas como Techo Propio o esquemas de
subsidio directo experimentan restricciones por la falta de recursos fiscales, generando
incertidumbre tanto para promotores inmobiliarios como para potenciales beneficiarios.
En la ciudad de Ica, el Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento (MVCS)
registra 5,329 viviendas Techo Propio distribuidas en 20 proyectos —11 ubicados en la
provincia de Ica y el resto en Chincha y Pisco—, con precios máximos de S/136,000 y un
bono de hasta S/46,545 por familia. Para 2025, se han asignado 2,229 bonos familiares
habitacionales (BFH) modalidad Construcción en Sitio Propio en la región. En los últimos 20
años, Ica ha liderado a nivel nacional en número de beneficiarios, acumulando más de 91,000
bonos y alrededor de S/1,789 millones en inversión, conservando actualmente un alto ritmo
de construcción de viviendas sociales.
En este contexto, se presenta el proyecto La Portada de Ica, concebido como una
propuesta urbana integral orientada a brindar una alternativa de acceso de vivienda óptima a
familias de escasos ingresos en la ciudad de Ica. El proyecto enfrenta diversos desafíos, entre
ellos: competir en un mercado altamente sensible a costos, asegurar calidad sin sacrificar
eficiencia, garantizar una adecuada planificación urbana, acelerar etapas de ejecución
manteniendo estándares técnicos, promover la transparencia en la gestión local e incorporar
activamente a las familias beneficiarias en el seguimiento y retroalimentación del avance del
proyecto. Los principales riesgos identificados y mitigados incluyen aspectos financieros,
legales y normativos, así como riesgos geotécnicos y sismorresistentes —especialmente
relevantes en una región de alta actividad sísmica—, riesgos climáticos e hidrológicos, la
provisión de servicios básicos por parte de Emapica, el cumplimiento de las bases del
Programa Techo Propio y la adecuada selección de beneficiarios.
El desarrollo del proyecto estará influenciado por el proceso electoral, lo que podría
afectar el comportamiento del mercado. Persisten interrogantes sobre la evolución de la
demanda en 2026, la variación de los precios de venta y la evolución de los costos de
construcción. Sin embargo, la oferta proyectada es pequeña en relación con la elevada
demanda insatisfecha de viviendas sociales en Ica. Históricamente, los precios de las
viviendas no tienden a disminuir debido a sus márgenes operativos reducidos. Se proyecta
que los valores de venta podrían incrementarse entre 3% y 6%, manteniéndose la demanda
estable siempre que las cuotas hipotecarias no superen aproximadamente los S/700
mensuales.
La presente tesis desarrolla el análisis comercial y financiero de un proyecto de
complejidad significativa, debido a su dependencia de subsidios estatales, a los montos
relativamente bajos de crédito involucrados —lo que reduce el atractivo para la banca
tradicional—, a la alta morosidad y dificultades de calificación del público objetivo, y a la
necesidad de intervenir sobre suelos que usualmente carecen de servicios habilitados.
Asimismo, exige una gestión altamente eficiente de costos para alcanzar precios compatibles
con el mercado de vivienda social. Todo ello con un propósito superior: contribuir a cerrar la
brecha habitacional del país mediante la propuesta al acceso de una vivienda digna para las
familias más vulnerables.
Every investment entails risks, and these are heightened in countries such as Peru, where the proximity of general, regional, and municipal elections unfolds within a context of political instability, institutional fragility, and growing social discontent, especially in the Andean and Amazon regions. In this environment, the Peruvian economy is expected to post approximate growth of 2.3% in 2025, following two years of weak momentum. Nevertheless, private investment continues to lag due to political uncertainty, the continuing rise in violent crime and public insecurity, among other factors. The international and regional outlook is also highly volatile. Among the external factors affecting private investment are the global economic slowdown—with growth close to 2.9%—the gradual decline in inflation in developed and emerging countries, and trade tensions such as the tariff war driven by the United States government against various countries around the world. At the Latin American level, projected growth averages no more than 1.7%, amid scenarios marked by political polarization, organized crime, corruption, and impunity. These global and regional conditions contribute to rising financial costs, increasing construction material prices, reduced foreign investment flows, and the limited prioritization of social housing in government agendas. As a result, programs such as Techo Propio or direct subsidy schemes face constraints due to a lack of fiscal resources, generating uncertainty for both real estate developers and potential beneficiaries. In the city of Ica, the Ministry of Housing, Construction, and Sanitation (MVCS) reports 5,329 Techo Propio homes distributed across 20 projects—11 located in the province of Ica and the remainder in Chincha and Pisco—with maximum prices of S/136,000 and a subsidy of up to S/46,545 per family. For 2025, 2,229 family housing subsidies (BFH) under the Self-Build on Owned Land modality have been allocated in the region. Over the last 20 years, Ica has led the country in number of beneficiaries, accumulating more than 91,000 subsidies and around S/1.789 billion in investment, while currently maintaining a high rate of social housing construction. Within this context, the La Portada de Ica project is presented as a comprehensive urban development proposal aimed at providing an optimal housing access alternative for low-income families in the city of Ica. The project faces various challenges, including competing in a market that is highly sensitive to costs, ensuring quality without sacrificing efficiency, guaranteeing adequate urban planning, accelerating execution stages while maintaining technical standards, promoting transparency in local management, and actively involving beneficiary families in the monitoring and feedback process regarding project progress. The main identified and mitigated risks include financial, legal, and regulatory aspects, as well as geotechnical and seismic-resistance risks—especially relevant in a region with high seismic activity—climatic and hydrological risks, the provision of basic services by Emapica, compliance with the rules of the Techo Propio Program, and the proper selection of beneficiaries. The development of the project will be influenced by the electoral process, which could affect market behavior. Questions remain regarding the evolution of demand in 2026, changes in sale prices, and the trend in construction costs. However, the projected supply is small relative to the high unmet demand for social housing in Ica. Historically, housing prices do not tend to decline due to their reduced operating margins. Sale values are projected to increase by between 3% and 6%, while demand is expected to remain stable as long as monthly mortgage payments do not exceed approximately S/700. This thesis develops the commercial and financial analysis of a project of significant complexity, due to its dependence on government subsidies, the relatively low credit amounts involved—which reduce its attractiveness to traditional banking—the high delinquency rates and qualification difficulties of the target population, and the need to develop land that usually lacks basic serviced infrastructure. It also requires highly efficient cost management in order to achieve prices compatible with the social housing market. All of this serves a higher purpose: to help close the country’s housing gap by proposing access to decent housing for the most vulnerable families.
Every investment entails risks, and these are heightened in countries such as Peru, where the proximity of general, regional, and municipal elections unfolds within a context of political instability, institutional fragility, and growing social discontent, especially in the Andean and Amazon regions. In this environment, the Peruvian economy is expected to post approximate growth of 2.3% in 2025, following two years of weak momentum. Nevertheless, private investment continues to lag due to political uncertainty, the continuing rise in violent crime and public insecurity, among other factors. The international and regional outlook is also highly volatile. Among the external factors affecting private investment are the global economic slowdown—with growth close to 2.9%—the gradual decline in inflation in developed and emerging countries, and trade tensions such as the tariff war driven by the United States government against various countries around the world. At the Latin American level, projected growth averages no more than 1.7%, amid scenarios marked by political polarization, organized crime, corruption, and impunity. These global and regional conditions contribute to rising financial costs, increasing construction material prices, reduced foreign investment flows, and the limited prioritization of social housing in government agendas. As a result, programs such as Techo Propio or direct subsidy schemes face constraints due to a lack of fiscal resources, generating uncertainty for both real estate developers and potential beneficiaries. In the city of Ica, the Ministry of Housing, Construction, and Sanitation (MVCS) reports 5,329 Techo Propio homes distributed across 20 projects—11 located in the province of Ica and the remainder in Chincha and Pisco—with maximum prices of S/136,000 and a subsidy of up to S/46,545 per family. For 2025, 2,229 family housing subsidies (BFH) under the Self-Build on Owned Land modality have been allocated in the region. Over the last 20 years, Ica has led the country in number of beneficiaries, accumulating more than 91,000 subsidies and around S/1.789 billion in investment, while currently maintaining a high rate of social housing construction. Within this context, the La Portada de Ica project is presented as a comprehensive urban development proposal aimed at providing an optimal housing access alternative for low-income families in the city of Ica. The project faces various challenges, including competing in a market that is highly sensitive to costs, ensuring quality without sacrificing efficiency, guaranteeing adequate urban planning, accelerating execution stages while maintaining technical standards, promoting transparency in local management, and actively involving beneficiary families in the monitoring and feedback process regarding project progress. The main identified and mitigated risks include financial, legal, and regulatory aspects, as well as geotechnical and seismic-resistance risks—especially relevant in a region with high seismic activity—climatic and hydrological risks, the provision of basic services by Emapica, compliance with the rules of the Techo Propio Program, and the proper selection of beneficiaries. The development of the project will be influenced by the electoral process, which could affect market behavior. Questions remain regarding the evolution of demand in 2026, changes in sale prices, and the trend in construction costs. However, the projected supply is small relative to the high unmet demand for social housing in Ica. Historically, housing prices do not tend to decline due to their reduced operating margins. Sale values are projected to increase by between 3% and 6%, while demand is expected to remain stable as long as monthly mortgage payments do not exceed approximately S/700. This thesis develops the commercial and financial analysis of a project of significant complexity, due to its dependence on government subsidies, the relatively low credit amounts involved—which reduce its attractiveness to traditional banking—the high delinquency rates and qualification difficulties of the target population, and the need to develop land that usually lacks basic serviced infrastructure. It also requires highly efficient cost management in order to achieve prices compatible with the social housing market. All of this serves a higher purpose: to help close the country’s housing gap by proposing access to decent housing for the most vulnerable families.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Vivienda social--Perú--Ica, Proyectos inmobiliarios--Aspectos sociales
Citación
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Licencia Creative Commons
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