Crisis hídrica y agroexportación en Ica: impacto del TLC con EE.UU. en la gestión del agua
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Esta investigación examina la escasez de agua en Ica en el contexto del auge de la
agroexportación y considera cómo el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos ha afectado
la administración del recurso hídrico. Productos como uva, palta, espárrago y arándano han
posicionado a Ica en los mercados internacionales; sin embargo, este modelo se sostiene en la
sobreexplotación de los acuíferos de Ica, Villacurí y Lanchas, con descensos anuales de hasta
1.5 m pese a las vedas, evidenciando una escasez hídrica producida por la expansión agrícola.
El objetivo general fue analizar la relación entre el desarrollo agroexportador y la demanda
hídrica, considerando el rol de los tratados comerciales. Los objetivos específicos incluyeron
describir la evolución del modelo agroexportador, evaluar el comportamiento de los acuíferos y
examinar la percepción social de sus efectos. La hipótesis planteó una relación significativa entre
el TLC y la creciente presión sobre los recursos hídricos. La metodología fue descriptiva, basada
en revisión bibliográfica y fuentes oficiales.
Los resultados muestran que el modelo agroexportador, consolidado por los TLC, transformó la
agricultura del valle y dinamizó la economía regional, pero profundizó desigualdades y generó
una presión insostenible sobre el acuífero. Aunque se redujo la pobreza monetaria y atrajo
inversión privada, los beneficios se concentraron en grandes corporaciones, mientras pequeños
agricultores y comunidades enfrentan exclusión hídrica.
Se concluye que este modelo reproduce una escasez hídrica estructural y desigual, lo que exige
avanzar hacia una gobernanza hídrica participativa, equitativa y sostenible, protegiendo el
recurso más vital: el agua.
This research examines water scarcity in Ica in the context of the agro-export boom and considers how the Free Trade Agreement with the United States has affected water resource management. Products such as grapes, avocados, asparagus, and blueberries have positioned Ica in international markets; however, this model is sustained by the overexploitation of the Ica, Villacurí, and Lanchas aquifers, with annual declines of up to 1.5 m despite pumping bans, evidencing water scarcity produced by agricultural expansion. The general objective was to analyze the relationship between agro-export development and water demand, considering the role of trade agreements. The specific objectives included describing the evolution of the agro-export model, assessing the behavior of the aquifers, and examining the social perception of its effects. The hypothesis proposed a significant relationship between the FTA and the growing pressure on water resources. The methodology was descriptive, based on a review of the literature and official sources. The results show that the agro-export model, consolidated by FTAs, transformed valley agriculture and boosted the regional economy, but also deepened inequalities and generated unsustainable pressure on the aquifer. Although monetary poverty was reduced and private investment attracted, the benefits were concentrated in large corporations, while small farmers and communities face water exclusion. It is concluded that this model reproduces a structural and unequal water scarcity, which demands progress toward participatory, equitable, and sustainable water governance, protecting the most vital resource: water.
This research examines water scarcity in Ica in the context of the agro-export boom and considers how the Free Trade Agreement with the United States has affected water resource management. Products such as grapes, avocados, asparagus, and blueberries have positioned Ica in international markets; however, this model is sustained by the overexploitation of the Ica, Villacurí, and Lanchas aquifers, with annual declines of up to 1.5 m despite pumping bans, evidencing water scarcity produced by agricultural expansion. The general objective was to analyze the relationship between agro-export development and water demand, considering the role of trade agreements. The specific objectives included describing the evolution of the agro-export model, assessing the behavior of the aquifers, and examining the social perception of its effects. The hypothesis proposed a significant relationship between the FTA and the growing pressure on water resources. The methodology was descriptive, based on a review of the literature and official sources. The results show that the agro-export model, consolidated by FTAs, transformed valley agriculture and boosted the regional economy, but also deepened inequalities and generated unsustainable pressure on the aquifer. Although monetary poverty was reduced and private investment attracted, the benefits were concentrated in large corporations, while small farmers and communities face water exclusion. It is concluded that this model reproduces a structural and unequal water scarcity, which demands progress toward participatory, equitable, and sustainable water governance, protecting the most vital resource: water.
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Agua de riego--Administración--Perú--Ica, Agroexportación--Perú--Ica, Escasez de agua--Perú--Ica, Perú--Tratados comerciales--Estados Unidos
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