Una mirada a la Seguridad Alimentaria desde la oferta: Análisis de la influencia de la cantidad y calidad de los mercados de abasto distritales en la Seguridad Alimentaria de los hogares peruanos en 2021
Date
2024-07-11
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La desigualdad alimentaria como tema sociológico requiere entender los cambios
en los perfiles de vulnerabilidad y situaciones de inseguridad alimentaria no ligadas a la
pobreza. En el contexto peruano, donde los indicadores sobre seguridad alimentaria
muestran una situación de inestabilidad en el consumo alimentario generalizada y donde
la pobreza y la inseguridad alimentaria no muestran métricas paralelas, esta investigación
propone un nuevo enfoque de análisis centrado en la distribución “fáctica” de los
alimentos, es decir, el acceso físico a estos como parte fundamental de la disponibilidad
alimentaria y de la SA en general. De este modo, el objetivo principal de esta investigación
fue revisar el efecto de los mercados de abasto desde dos dimensiones, densidad y
calidad, en la SA de los hogares peruanos durante 2021. Se analizó el efecto moderador
de estos en la SA a través de un modelo multinivel de manera que se puedan analizar
otras variables propias del hogar, relacionadas a factores de vulnerabilidad, tomando en
cuenta dicho efecto inicial. Como resultados se encontró que el estado de IA en el Perú
es generalizado y preocupante, independientemente de las características específicas y
la ubicación geográfica de los hogares. A partir de lo encontrado en los modelos, la
incapacidad de un hogar para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias tiene una
correlación con la capacidad de organización del gasto, la previsibilidad de las fuentes de
ingresos diversas y estables, en lugar de ausencia de ingresos perse. Mientras que los
mercados, aunque muestran un efecto significativo, este es sustancialmente pequeño.
En ese sentido, la oferta alimentaria/acceso físico y el acceso económico operan
mutuamente y forman parte de las restricciones operativas de la SA de los hogares
peruanos en la muestra. Así, los hogares con características de incertidumbre económica
no son capaces de generar “demandas de mercado”(Pedraza, 2005, s/p); así, incluso
cuando existe una disponibilidad de alimentos la SA no está asegurada.
Food inequality as a sociological issue requires understanding the changes in vulnerability profiles and food insecurity situations not linked to poverty. In the Peruvian context, where food security indicators show a situation of instability in widespread food consumption and where poverty and food insecurity do not show parallel metrics, this research proposes a new analysis approach focused on the “factual” distribution of food, that is to say, physical access as a fundamental part of food availability and SA in general. Thus, the main objective of this research was to review the effect of supply markets from two dimensions, density and quality, on the SA of Peruvian households during 2021. The moderating effect of these on the SA was analyzed through a multilevel model so that other household variables related to vulnerability factors can be analyzed, considering said initial effect. As results, it was found that the state of food insecurity in Peru is widespread and worrying, regardless of the specific characteristics and geographical location of the households. Based on what was found in the models, the inability of a household to satisfy its nutritional needs is correlated with the ability to organize spending, the predictability of diverse and stable sources of income, rather than the absence of income perse. While the markets, although they show a significant effect, it is substantially small. In that sense, food supply/physical access and economic access operate mutually and are part of the operational restrictions of the SA of the Peruvian households in the sample. Thus, households with characteristics of economic uncertainty are not capable of generating “market demands” (Pedraza, 2005, s/p); therefore, even when there is food availability, SA is not assured.
Food inequality as a sociological issue requires understanding the changes in vulnerability profiles and food insecurity situations not linked to poverty. In the Peruvian context, where food security indicators show a situation of instability in widespread food consumption and where poverty and food insecurity do not show parallel metrics, this research proposes a new analysis approach focused on the “factual” distribution of food, that is to say, physical access as a fundamental part of food availability and SA in general. Thus, the main objective of this research was to review the effect of supply markets from two dimensions, density and quality, on the SA of Peruvian households during 2021. The moderating effect of these on the SA was analyzed through a multilevel model so that other household variables related to vulnerability factors can be analyzed, considering said initial effect. As results, it was found that the state of food insecurity in Peru is widespread and worrying, regardless of the specific characteristics and geographical location of the households. Based on what was found in the models, the inability of a household to satisfy its nutritional needs is correlated with the ability to organize spending, the predictability of diverse and stable sources of income, rather than the absence of income perse. While the markets, although they show a significant effect, it is substantially small. In that sense, food supply/physical access and economic access operate mutually and are part of the operational restrictions of the SA of the Peruvian households in the sample. Thus, households with characteristics of economic uncertainty are not capable of generating “market demands” (Pedraza, 2005, s/p); therefore, even when there is food availability, SA is not assured.
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Seguridad alimentaria--Perú, Pobreza--Perú, Mercados de abasto--Perú
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