Integración de mineralogía y geoquímica para evaluar la toma de decisiones sobre el manejo de un residuo minero en Cerro de Pasco, Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La unidad minera Cerro de Pasco tiene una larga historia que data de tiempos
preincas. Esta unidad contiene una relavera antigua llamada Quiulacocha, que
se habría construido a inicios del siglo XX, siendo operada por Cerro de Pasco
Corporation hasta el año 1974 y, posteriormente, por Centromin Perú, hasta que
se convirtió en un pasivo ambiental minero (PAM) a finales del siglo XX. Este
residuo minero representa un gran potencial generador de acidez por su
mineralogía (>50 % en peso de pirita) y las condiciones hidrológicas en el que
se encuentra. El impacto ambiental que genera a las comunidades aledañas es
motivo de conflicto constante.
Este PAM incluye dos zonas composicionales principales: relaves dominados
por menas de Zn y Pb (58 Mt), y relaves dominados por menas de Cu (16 Mt).
El problema fundamental para resolver el tratamiento óptimo de la relavera es la
conexión hidrológica que existe entre tres residuos mineros vecinos: Botadero
Excélsior, Relavera Quiulacocha y Relavera Ocroyoc. En este contexto, el
objetivo de esta tesis es integrar datos mineralógicos y geoquímicos para evaluar
el tratamiento óptimo de la relavera. La metodología desarrollada comprende
cinco pasos principales: recopilación e integración de datos disponibles,
validación de datos, levantamiento de cuatro (04) perfiles de granulometría,
aplicación de cálculos de mineralogía normativa y reporte de resultados. Se
plantea una secuencia de eventos que habrían dado lugar al estado actual de la
relavera Quiulacocha. Se estima que este residuo minero representa un valor
aproximado de 3,693 M$ con un error del 20 %, sin considerar el aporte de Ag y
Au. No obstante, es fundamental considera las diferencias mineralógicas y
geoquímicas significativas del sistema de relaves a fin de garantizar un diseño
metalúrgico adecuado, en caso de que se proceda a su reprocesamiento o
remediación definitiva.
The Cerro de Pasco mining unit has a long history dating back to pre-Inca times. This unit contains an old tailing called Quiulacocha, which was built in the early 20th century, being operated by Cerro de Pasco Corporation until 1974 and, later, by Centromin Peru, until it became a mining environmental liability (PAM, in Spanish) by the end of the 20th century. This mining waste represents a great potential for generating acidity due to its mineralogy (>50 wt.% pyrite) and the hydrological conditions in which it is found. The environmental impact it generates on the surrounding communities is a constant source of conflict. This PAM includes two main compositional zones: tailings dominated by Zn and Pb ore (58 Mt); and tailings dominated by Cu ore (16 Mt). The fundamental problem to be solved for the optimal treatment of this tailing is the hydrological connection that exists between three neighboring mining wastes: Excelsior waste-rock dump, Quiulacocha tailings, and Ocroyoc tailings. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to integrate mineralogical and geochemical data to evaluate the optimal treatment of the tailing. The developed methodology comprises five main steps: collection and integration of available data, data validation, survey of four granulometry profiles, application of geochemical calculations, and reporting of results. A sequence of events giving rise to the current condition of the Quiulacocha tailings is proposed. It is estimated that this mining residue has an approximate value of $3,693 million, with a 20% margin of error, without considering the contribution of Ag and Au. Nevertheless, it is essential to consider the significant mineralogical and geochemical differences within the tailings system in order to ensure an appropriate metallurgical design, should reprocessing or definitive remediation be undertaken.
The Cerro de Pasco mining unit has a long history dating back to pre-Inca times. This unit contains an old tailing called Quiulacocha, which was built in the early 20th century, being operated by Cerro de Pasco Corporation until 1974 and, later, by Centromin Peru, until it became a mining environmental liability (PAM, in Spanish) by the end of the 20th century. This mining waste represents a great potential for generating acidity due to its mineralogy (>50 wt.% pyrite) and the hydrological conditions in which it is found. The environmental impact it generates on the surrounding communities is a constant source of conflict. This PAM includes two main compositional zones: tailings dominated by Zn and Pb ore (58 Mt); and tailings dominated by Cu ore (16 Mt). The fundamental problem to be solved for the optimal treatment of this tailing is the hydrological connection that exists between three neighboring mining wastes: Excelsior waste-rock dump, Quiulacocha tailings, and Ocroyoc tailings. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to integrate mineralogical and geochemical data to evaluate the optimal treatment of the tailing. The developed methodology comprises five main steps: collection and integration of available data, data validation, survey of four granulometry profiles, application of geochemical calculations, and reporting of results. A sequence of events giving rise to the current condition of the Quiulacocha tailings is proposed. It is estimated that this mining residue has an approximate value of $3,693 million, with a 20% margin of error, without considering the contribution of Ag and Au. Nevertheless, it is essential to consider the significant mineralogical and geochemical differences within the tailings system in order to ensure an appropriate metallurgical design, should reprocessing or definitive remediation be undertaken.
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Relaves, Industria minera--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Cerro de Pasco, Contaminación ambiental--Perú--Cerro de Pasco
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