Informe jurídico sobre la Casación N° 11823-2015 Lima
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En la Casación N° 11823-2015, la Sala de Derecho Constitucional y Social
Permanente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la República se pronunció,
señalando que las entidades del sistema financiero no pueden realizar
compensación de manera irrestricta sobre las remuneraciones depositadas en la
Cuenta de Ahorros, que el deudor mantiene en la misma entidad, siendo esto
materia controvertida. Que, en tal sentido, se procedió a descomponer los
argumentos esbozados por las partes dentro del proceso, formando puntos
controvertidos menores, con lo que se pueda resolver la materia en discusión.
Sobre la base de este desarrollo, fue posible concluir que la compensación y el
embargo son figuras de naturaleza eminentemente distinta. En este orden de
ideas, la sala se equivoca al equiparar ambas figuras y limitar la capacidad de
las entidades financieras para aplicar la compensación, en atención a lo
señalado en el artículo 648 del Código Procesal Civil hasta la tercera parte de la
remuneración que exceda las 5 URP. Ello se debe a que esencialmente la
compensación es una figura que proviene de la voluntad de las partes y no una
imposición dictaminada en atención a una controversia por resolverse (como el
embargo), por lo tanto, no corresponde brindar protección adicional como la
prevista por el legislador en este último caso. En conclusión, si bien es correcta
la restricción prevista por el legislador, limitando la aplicación del embargo debido
a la naturaleza alimenticia de la remuneración, ello no corresponde en el caso
de la compensación, por ser esta una disposición voluntaria.
In the Cassation No. 11823-2015, the Permanent Chamber of Constitutional and Social Law of the Supreme Court of Justice of Perú held that financial institutions are not permitted to execute an unrestricted set-off against wages deposited in a savings account maintained by the debtor within the same entity, considering such conduct to be a disputed matter. Accordingly, the arguments advanced by the parties throughout the proceedings were deconstructed into more specific issues in controversy, allowing for a more precise resolution of the matter under adjudication. On the basis of this analytical framework, it was determined that set-off and seizure are legal mechanisms of fundamentally distinct nature. In this regard, the Chamber errs by conflating these two figures and by restricting the capacity of financial institutions to implement contractual set-off pursuant to Article 648 of the Civil Procedural Code, limiting it to one-third of the portion of wages exceeding five URP. This conclusion is flawed insofar as set-off arises primarily from the autonomous will of the parties, rather than from a coercive measure imposed in the context of a judicial dispute, as is the case with seizure. Consequently, it is unwarranted to extend to set-off the additional protective regime designed by the legislature specifically for attachment. In sum, although the statutory restriction on attachment is sound, given the alimentary nature of wages, such limitation should not be transposed to set-off, which is grounded in the voluntary disposition of the parties.
In the Cassation No. 11823-2015, the Permanent Chamber of Constitutional and Social Law of the Supreme Court of Justice of Perú held that financial institutions are not permitted to execute an unrestricted set-off against wages deposited in a savings account maintained by the debtor within the same entity, considering such conduct to be a disputed matter. Accordingly, the arguments advanced by the parties throughout the proceedings were deconstructed into more specific issues in controversy, allowing for a more precise resolution of the matter under adjudication. On the basis of this analytical framework, it was determined that set-off and seizure are legal mechanisms of fundamentally distinct nature. In this regard, the Chamber errs by conflating these two figures and by restricting the capacity of financial institutions to implement contractual set-off pursuant to Article 648 of the Civil Procedural Code, limiting it to one-third of the portion of wages exceeding five URP. This conclusion is flawed insofar as set-off arises primarily from the autonomous will of the parties, rather than from a coercive measure imposed in the context of a judicial dispute, as is the case with seizure. Consequently, it is unwarranted to extend to set-off the additional protective regime designed by the legislature specifically for attachment. In sum, although the statutory restriction on attachment is sound, given the alimentary nature of wages, such limitation should not be transposed to set-off, which is grounded in the voluntary disposition of the parties.
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Protección del consumidor--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derecho bancario--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Embargo, Salarios--Perú