“Entonces cundió el terror en estos pueblos tranquilos”. El impacto de la ofensiva senderista en San Pedro de Cajas, 1990-1995
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
Durante la década de 1980, el distrito tarmeño de San Pedro de Cajas no había sufrido los
estragos del Conflicto Armado Interno iniciado por la organización terrorista Partido
Comunista del Perú - Sendero Luminoso. En esos años, sus tres comunidades habían estado
pidiendo apoyo al Estado, pero sus solicitudes siempre eran ignoradas. A partir de 1987,
militantes senderistas empezaron a infiltrarse, poco a poco, en los pueblos del norte, para
analizar si era viable convertirlo en base de apoyo. Más adelante, en 1989, Sendero inició una
ola de atentados terroristas en varios distritos de la provincia de Tarma, provocando que
ninguno, a excepción de la capital, tenga alcalde para el periodo municipal 1990-1992. En
esos años, Sendero activó sus columnas armadas del norte de San Pedro de Cajas, que se
movilizaron por todos los pueblos del distrito, asesinando a las autoridades comunales. Por
eso, la comunidad del sur, con el objetivo de mantener viva la alcaldía, recurrió a las juntas
vecinales, pero estas sucumbieron a manos de los subversivos. La situación fue peor para las
comunidades del norte donde los senderistas se asentaron e impusieron, autoritariamente,
normas que los ciudadanos debían acatar, como acompañarlos a las incursiones y
alimentarlos. Este ambiente hostil motivó que la gran mayoría de comuneros del norte
huyeran. La calma llegó a fines de 1993, cuando el Ejército, la Policía-Dircote y ronderos de
un distrito vecino capturaron a los senderistas que se encontraban en el norte de San Pedro de
Cajas; y así empezar un lento repoblamiento a partir de 1994. Esta investigación estudia la
composición política de las comunidades campesinas del distrito y sus reacciones frente al
terrorismo subversivo. Además, se observa las estrategias usadas por los senderistas para
atacar los pueblos de San Pedro de Cajas y se explica las razones que tuvieron para escoger a
sus víctimas y ejecutarlas.
During the 1980s, the district of San Pedro de Cajas, located in the province of Tarma, had not yet experienced the devastating effects of the Internal Armed Conflict initiated by the terrorist organization known as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path. Throughout this period, its three communities persistently sought support from the State; however, their requests were repeatedly ignored. Beginning in 1987, Shining Path militants gradually infiltrated the northern villages to assess the feasibility of transforming the area into a logistical base of operations. Subsequently, in 1989, the organization launched a series of terrorist attacks across several districts of the province of Tarma, which resulted in the absence of elected mayors in all districts—except for the provincial capital—during the 1990– 1992 municipal term. During those years, Shining Path activated its armed columns in the northern sector of San Pedro de Cajas, traversing the district’s communities and systematically assassinating local communal authorities. In response, the southern community, seeking to preserve the continuity of municipal governance, resorted to the creation of neighborhood councils. Nevertheless, these too were eventually dismantled by subversive forces. The situation was worse for the northern communities, where the Shining Path militants settled and authoritarianly imposed rules that the citizens had to obey, such as accompanying them on raids and providing them with food. This climate of violence and coercion led the majority of northern villagers to flee their homes. Relative stability was restored by late 1993, when the Peruvian Army, the National Police (DIRCOTE), and civilian patrols from a neighboring district succeeded in capturing the insurgents operating in northern San Pedro de Cajas. This operation marked the beginning of a gradual process of repopulation commencing in 1994. This study examines the political composition of the rural communities within the district and their responses to subversive terrorism. Furthermore, it analyzes the strategies employed by Shining Path in its assaults on the towns of San Pedro de Cajas and elucidates the underlying motives that guided the selection and execution of their victims.
During the 1980s, the district of San Pedro de Cajas, located in the province of Tarma, had not yet experienced the devastating effects of the Internal Armed Conflict initiated by the terrorist organization known as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path. Throughout this period, its three communities persistently sought support from the State; however, their requests were repeatedly ignored. Beginning in 1987, Shining Path militants gradually infiltrated the northern villages to assess the feasibility of transforming the area into a logistical base of operations. Subsequently, in 1989, the organization launched a series of terrorist attacks across several districts of the province of Tarma, which resulted in the absence of elected mayors in all districts—except for the provincial capital—during the 1990– 1992 municipal term. During those years, Shining Path activated its armed columns in the northern sector of San Pedro de Cajas, traversing the district’s communities and systematically assassinating local communal authorities. In response, the southern community, seeking to preserve the continuity of municipal governance, resorted to the creation of neighborhood councils. Nevertheless, these too were eventually dismantled by subversive forces. The situation was worse for the northern communities, where the Shining Path militants settled and authoritarianly imposed rules that the citizens had to obey, such as accompanying them on raids and providing them with food. This climate of violence and coercion led the majority of northern villagers to flee their homes. Relative stability was restored by late 1993, when the Peruvian Army, the National Police (DIRCOTE), and civilian patrols from a neighboring district succeeded in capturing the insurgents operating in northern San Pedro de Cajas. This operation marked the beginning of a gradual process of repopulation commencing in 1994. This study examines the political composition of the rural communities within the district and their responses to subversive terrorism. Furthermore, it analyzes the strategies employed by Shining Path in its assaults on the towns of San Pedro de Cajas and elucidates the underlying motives that guided the selection and execution of their victims.
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Rondas campesinas--Perú--San Pedro de Cajas (Junín : Distrito), Violencia política--Perú--San Pedro de Cajas (Junín : Distrito), Desplazados internos--Perú--San Pedro de Cajas (Junín : Distrito), Partido Comunista del Perú--Sendero Luminoso
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