Evaluación de impacto ambiental en el sector transportes: conflictos normativos entre el fraccionamiento y la indivisibilidad del Instrumento de Gestión Ambiental
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El presente trabajo analiza los conflictos normativos entre el principio de
indivisibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA)
y la práctica del fraccionamiento de la certificación ambiental en el sector
transportes. Si bien el principio de indivisibilidad garantiza que los impactos
ambientales se evalúen de manera integral, considerando todos los
componentes y fases de un proyecto, la normativa sectorial del Ministerio de
Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC) permite excepciones que viabilizan la
evaluación por tramos o componentes. Esta dualidad genera tensiones que
debilitan el enfoque preventivo del SEIA y pueden derivar en la subvaloración de
impactos acumulativos y sinérgicos. A partir del análisis del marco normativo, la
doctrina, la jurisprudencia y la revisión de resoluciones administrativas emitidas
entre 2020 y 2025, se evidencia que el uso de la certificación ambiental
fraccionada se ha convertido en una práctica recurrente, pese a que debería
tener un carácter excepcional. Se concluye que esta modalidad, aunque
legalmente permitida, contraviene la finalidad integral del SEIA y pone en riesgo
su eficacia. Se recomienda fortalecer la coherencia normativa mediante
lineamientos claros sobre las excepciones al principio de indivisibilidad y reforzar
la supervisión de los instrumentos fraccionados, con el fin de asegurar una
gestión ambiental más transparente, preventiva y alineada con los estándares
internacionales.
This paper analyzes the regulatory conflicts between the principle of indivisibility established by the National Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA) and the practice of segmented environmental certification in the transport sector. While the indivisibility principle ensures a comprehensive evaluation of all project components and phases, the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) sectoral regulations allow exceptions that enable environmental assessments to be conducted by sections. This dual framework undermines the preventive purpose of the SEIA and may lead to the underestimation of cumulative and synergistic impacts. Based on a review of the legal framework, academic doctrine, case law, and administrative resolutions issued between 2020 and 2025, the study reveals that segmented certification has become a recurrent practice despite being conceived as exceptional. The findings indicate that this approach, though legally valid, contradicts the integral logic of the SEIA and weakens its preventive capacity. The study recommends enhancing regulatory coherence by establishing clearer criteria for exceptions to the indivisibility principle and strengthening oversight of segmented instruments to ensure an effective, transparent, and preventive environmental management aligned with international standards.
This paper analyzes the regulatory conflicts between the principle of indivisibility established by the National Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA) and the practice of segmented environmental certification in the transport sector. While the indivisibility principle ensures a comprehensive evaluation of all project components and phases, the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) sectoral regulations allow exceptions that enable environmental assessments to be conducted by sections. This dual framework undermines the preventive purpose of the SEIA and may lead to the underestimation of cumulative and synergistic impacts. Based on a review of the legal framework, academic doctrine, case law, and administrative resolutions issued between 2020 and 2025, the study reveals that segmented certification has become a recurrent practice despite being conceived as exceptional. The findings indicate that this approach, though legally valid, contradicts the integral logic of the SEIA and weakens its preventive capacity. The study recommends enhancing regulatory coherence by establishing clearer criteria for exceptions to the indivisibility principle and strengthening oversight of segmented instruments to ensure an effective, transparent, and preventive environmental management aligned with international standards.
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Medio ambiente--Legislación--Perú, Impacto ambiental--Evaluación, Recursos naturales--Aspectos ambientales--Perú
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