Characterization of heavy mineral concentrates from Lithium-rich Tuff and white tuffaceous mudstone in the Macusani Volcanic Field, Eastern Cordillera, southern Peru
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El análisis morfológico y geoquímico de minerales pesados en rocas sedimentarias
(incluyendo las volcanogénicas) es clave para delimitar procesos de procedencia y
petrogénesis. Además, los minerales pesados son fuentes potenciales de algunos de los
llamados metales críticos. Esta tesis se centra en la caracterización morfológica y química
de minerales pesados encontrados en muestras de Lithium-rich Tuff, la unidad principal de
mena del Proyecto de Litio Falchani, y otra toba texturalmente similar, caracterizada como
lutita tobácea blanca, todas ellas encontradas en el Campo Volcánico Neógeno de
Macusani. Los minerales pesados se concentraron usando hidroseparación (HS11) y se
analizaron sistemáticamente mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopía
Raman. Además, granos de circón de una muestra de lutita tobácea blanca se dataron
mediante ICP-MS con ablación láser. Los resultados revelan una diversidad de minerales
pesados como rutilo, circón, monacita-Ce, titanita y dumortierita. Asimismo, minerales
como corindón, jeremejevita, casiterita, topacio y xenotima-Y fueron encontrados
exclusivamente en la unidad Lithium-rich Tuff, mientras que anatasa, apatito, turmalina,
wickmanita, ilmenita y andradita fueron hallados exclusivamente en la lutita tobácea
blanca. Los óxidos de titanio tipo rutilo en la Lithium-rich Tuff están enriquecidos en Nb
(hasta 8.66 wt. %) y Ta (hasta 5.52 wt.%). La mineralogía y el enriquecimiento en
elementos litófilos incompatibles son consistentes con la naturaleza peraluminosa y
altamente evolucionada del Campo Volcánico de Macusani y, en particular, de la unidad
Lithium-rich Tuff. La diversidad morfológica de los granos de zircón sugiere orígenes
diversos, lo que es coherente con edades U-Pb de 222 3 y 7.36 ± 0.1 Ma. Algunas de
estas fases densas, como los rutilos ricos en Nb y Ta, y los fosfatos de REE, pueden
representar potenciales subproductos económicos.
Morphological and geochemical analysis of heavy minerals in (volcanogenic-) sedimentary rocks are key to constraining provenance and petrogenesis. In addition, heavy minerals are potential sources for some of the so-called critical metals. This thesis focuses on the morphological and chemical characterization of heavy minerals in samples of Lithium-rich Tuff, the main ore unit from the Falchani Lithium Project, and other texturally similar tuff, here dubbed white tuffaceous mudstone, all of them found in the Neogene Macusani Volcanic Field. Heavy minerals were concentrated using hydroseparation (HS11) and systematically analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, zircon grains from one sample of white tuffaceous mudstone were dated by laser-ablation ICP-MS. The results reveal a diverse array of heavy minerals such as rutile, zircon, monazite-Ce, titanite, and dumortierite. In addition, corundum, jeremejevite, cassiterite, topaz, and xenotime-Y were found exclusively in the Lithium-rich Tuff, and anatase, apatite, tourmaline, wickmanite, ilmenite, andradite, and hematite were found exclusively in the white tuffaceous mudstone. Rutile-like minerals from the Lithium-rich Tuff are enriched in Nb (up to 8.66 wt.%) and Ta (up to 5.52 wt.%). The mineralogy and enrichment in incompatible lithophile elements are consistent with the peraluminous, highly evolved nature of the Macusani Volcanic Field and, in particular, the Lithium-rich Tuff. The observed high variety of zircon morphologies may indicate different origins, which is consonant with obtained U-Pb zircon dates of 222 3 and 7.1 0.7 Ma. Some of these heavy minerals, such as Nb- and Ta-rich rutiles, and REE phosphates, may represent potential economic by-products.
Morphological and geochemical analysis of heavy minerals in (volcanogenic-) sedimentary rocks are key to constraining provenance and petrogenesis. In addition, heavy minerals are potential sources for some of the so-called critical metals. This thesis focuses on the morphological and chemical characterization of heavy minerals in samples of Lithium-rich Tuff, the main ore unit from the Falchani Lithium Project, and other texturally similar tuff, here dubbed white tuffaceous mudstone, all of them found in the Neogene Macusani Volcanic Field. Heavy minerals were concentrated using hydroseparation (HS11) and systematically analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, zircon grains from one sample of white tuffaceous mudstone were dated by laser-ablation ICP-MS. The results reveal a diverse array of heavy minerals such as rutile, zircon, monazite-Ce, titanite, and dumortierite. In addition, corundum, jeremejevite, cassiterite, topaz, and xenotime-Y were found exclusively in the Lithium-rich Tuff, and anatase, apatite, tourmaline, wickmanite, ilmenite, andradite, and hematite were found exclusively in the white tuffaceous mudstone. Rutile-like minerals from the Lithium-rich Tuff are enriched in Nb (up to 8.66 wt.%) and Ta (up to 5.52 wt.%). The mineralogy and enrichment in incompatible lithophile elements are consistent with the peraluminous, highly evolved nature of the Macusani Volcanic Field and, in particular, the Lithium-rich Tuff. The observed high variety of zircon morphologies may indicate different origins, which is consonant with obtained U-Pb zircon dates of 222 3 and 7.1 0.7 Ma. Some of these heavy minerals, such as Nb- and Ta-rich rutiles, and REE phosphates, may represent potential economic by-products.
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Beneficio de minerales--Automatización, Geología, Mineralogía
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