La sobreeducación universitaria en el Perú : El rol de la calidad universitaria
Fecha
Autores
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
Este trabajo estudia la relación entre la sobreeducación de las y los egresados universitarios
que residen en el Perú urbano y la calidad de la universidad de procedencia utilizando los
microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares para el periodo 2017-2019. El análisis de
esta relación parte de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura teórica y empírica sobre las
causas de la sobreeducación que concluye con la identificación de un modelo teórico
consistente del que se desprenden las hipótesis del estudio.
En el análisis estadístico, la condición de sobreeducación, entendida como la situación en la
que el nivel educativo alcanzado es superior al requerido por la ocupación, se establece a
partir una regla normativa que asigna los niveles educativos requeridos por ocupación a partir
de clasificadores oficiales compatibles con la Clasificación Internacional Uniforme de
Ocupaciones 2008 (CIUO-08) y la Clasificación Internacional Normalizada de la Educación
(CINE). La calidad de la universidad de procedencia, por otro lado, se aproxima mediante un
índice continuo construido usando Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio a partir de seis indicadores
que miden desempeño académico, recursos, selectividad, años de acreditación y producción
científica.
La relación entre la calidad de la universidad de procedencia y la probabilidad de estar
empleado en condición de sobreeducación es estimada usando un modelo Probit de
ecuaciones múltiples resuelto usando el algoritmo Geweke-Hajivassiliou-Keane. La
necesidad de considerar un sistema de tres ecuaciones en la estimación obedece a que las
variables necesarias para estimar la calidad no están disponibles para todas las universidades
y a que la condición de sobreeducación solo es aplicable a quienes tienen empleo, de modo
que se requiere corregir las estimaciones por este doble sesgo de selección.
Los efectos marginales promedio indican que un incremento de una desviación estándar en
el índice de calidad se asocia con reducciones cercanas a 2 puntos porcentuales en la
probabilidad de sobreeducación. Este efecto es de mayor magnitud en empresas grandes,
en unidades productivas formales y en ámbitos urbanos con mayor densidad de empleos
profesionales. Además, se encuentran menores probabilidades de sobreeducación en
ocupaciones con requisitos de entrada más rígidos (e.g. carreras de ingeniería, salud, y
educación), en el sector público y entre trabajadores con mayor experiencia específica;
mientras que la pobreza del hogar y la ausencia de formación complementaria se asocian
con una mayor probabilidad de estar sobreeducado.
This study examines the relationship between the overeducation of university graduates residing in urban Peru and the quality of their university of origin, using microdata from the National Household Survey for the period 2017-2019. The analysis of this relationship is based on an exhaustive review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the causes of overeducation, which concludes with the identification of a consistent theoretical model from which the study's hypotheses are derived. In the statistical analysis, the condition of overeducation, understood as the situation in which the level of education attained is higher than that required by the occupation, is established on the basis of a normative rule that assigns the educational levels required by occupation using official classifiers compatible with the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08) and the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). The quality of the university of origin, on the other hand, is approximated by a continuous index constructed using confirmatory factor analysis based on six indicators that measure academic performance, resources, selectivity, accreditation, and scientific output. The relationship between the quality of the university of origin and the probability of being employed in a state of overeducation is estimated using a multiple equation Probit model solved using the Geweke-Hajivassiliou-Keane algorithm. The need to consider a system of three equations in the estimation is due to the fact that the variables needed to estimate quality are not available for all universities and that the condition of overeducation is only applicable to those who are employed, so the estimates need to be corrected for this double selection bias. The average marginal effects indicate that an increase of one standard deviation in the quality index is associated with reductions of close to 2 percentage points in the probability of overeducation. This effect is greater in large companies, in formal productive units, and in urban areas with a higher density of professional jobs. In addition, there is a lower probability of overeducation in occupations with more rigid entry requirements (e.g., engineering, health, and education), in the public sector, and among workers with more specific experience, while household poverty and the absence of complementary training are associated with a higher probability of being overeducated.
This study examines the relationship between the overeducation of university graduates residing in urban Peru and the quality of their university of origin, using microdata from the National Household Survey for the period 2017-2019. The analysis of this relationship is based on an exhaustive review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the causes of overeducation, which concludes with the identification of a consistent theoretical model from which the study's hypotheses are derived. In the statistical analysis, the condition of overeducation, understood as the situation in which the level of education attained is higher than that required by the occupation, is established on the basis of a normative rule that assigns the educational levels required by occupation using official classifiers compatible with the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08) and the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). The quality of the university of origin, on the other hand, is approximated by a continuous index constructed using confirmatory factor analysis based on six indicators that measure academic performance, resources, selectivity, accreditation, and scientific output. The relationship between the quality of the university of origin and the probability of being employed in a state of overeducation is estimated using a multiple equation Probit model solved using the Geweke-Hajivassiliou-Keane algorithm. The need to consider a system of three equations in the estimation is due to the fact that the variables needed to estimate quality are not available for all universities and that the condition of overeducation is only applicable to those who are employed, so the estimates need to be corrected for this double selection bias. The average marginal effects indicate that an increase of one standard deviation in the quality index is associated with reductions of close to 2 percentage points in the probability of overeducation. This effect is greater in large companies, in formal productive units, and in urban areas with a higher density of professional jobs. In addition, there is a lower probability of overeducation in occupations with more rigid entry requirements (e.g., engineering, health, and education), in the public sector, and among workers with more specific experience, while household poverty and the absence of complementary training are associated with a higher probability of being overeducated.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Trabajo cualificado--Perú, Graduados universitarios--Empleo--Perú, Universidades--Perú, Administración de calidad total en la educación superior--Perú