El rol de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) durante las negociaciones de compra de la vacuna Sputnik V en Perú 2020-2021: Efectividad del Institucionalismo liberal en cuestión
Date
2023-11-20
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La pandemia global de la COVID-19 trajo consigo a fenómenos como el nacionalismo
de vacunas que cuestionaron las capacidades y el propósito de instituciones
multilaterales defensoras del orden liberal, tales como la Organización Mundial de la
Salud (OMS). En este sentido, dos mecanismos de la OMS fueron puestos a prueba
en su capacidad para regular y distribuir vacunas: el Listado de Uso de Emergencia
(EUL, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Fondo de Acceso Global para Vacunas COVID-19
(Covax). En un contexto de escasez de vacunas, distintos países en desarrollo como
el Perú tuvieron dificultades para conseguir vacunas contra la COVID-19 viéndose en
la necesidad de negociar con países desafiantes al orden liberal como Rusia. De este
modo, la presente tesis postula la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuál fue el rol
de la OMS en el proceso de negociación de compra de la vacuna Sputnik V en el Perú
durante 2020-2021? Para responder dicha cuestión, la presente tesis utiliza conceptos
del neoliberalismo y el neorrealismo para analizar la influencia que tuvo el desempeño
de los mecanismos de regulación EUL y distribución Covax en la negociación del
Estado peruano. En segundo lugar, con el objetivo de reconstruir los hechos de dicha
negociación se aplicó la teoría del ciclo de Formulación de Políticas Públicas y el
método del Process Tracing. Finalmente se concluye que tanto los mecanismos de
regulación y distribución multilateral de vacunas de la OMS no habrían afectado
determinantemente la negociación de Perú por la vacuna Sputnik V, sino sólo
parcialmente. Es decir, el mecanismo de regulación influenció escasamente en la
autorización de compra de Sputnik V, pero tuvo una relevancia considerable, en la
suspensión de ésta. Debido a que, la escasez de vacunas al inicio, hizo que el
ejecutivo tuviera menos en cuenta las recomendaciones de la OMS. Mientras que
posteriormente con la concretización de un mayor número de vacunas, las
recomendaciones de la OMS tomaron mayor peso, al punto que fueron la justificación
que tomó el ejecutivo para suspender la compra de Sputnik V. Por otro lado, se
comprobó que la escasa efectividad en el mecanismo de distribución influenció en la
búsqueda del Estado peruano por negociar compra de vacunas sin discriminar el
origen, incluyendo a Sputnik V.
The global pandemic of COVID-19 brought with it phenomena such as vaccine nationalism that questioned the capabilities and purpose of multilateral institutions defending the liberal order, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In this sense, two WHO mechanisms were put to the test in their ability to regulate and distribute vaccines: the Emergency Use List (EUL) and the Global Access Fund for COVID-19 Vaccines (Covax ). In a context of vaccine shortages, different developing countries such as Peru had difficulties obtaining vaccines against COVID-19, seeing the need to negotiate with countries challenging the liberal order such as Russia. Thus, this thesis postulates the following research question: What was the role of the WHO in the negotiation process for the purchase of the Sputnik V vaccine in Peru during 2020-2021? To answer this question, this thesis uses concepts of neoliberalism and neorealism to analyze the influence of the performance of the regulation mechanisms EUL and Covax distribution in the negotiation of the Peruvian State. Secondly, with the objective of reconstructing the facts of said negotiation, the theory of the Public Policy Formulation cycle and the Process Tracing method were applied. Finally, it is concluded that both the WHO's multilateral regulation and distribution mechanisms of vaccines would not have decisively affected the negotiation of Peru for the Sputnik V vaccine, but only partially. In other words, the regulation mechanism had little influence on the purchase authorization of Sputnik V, but had considerable relevance in its suspension. Because, the shortage of vaccines at the beginning, made the executive take less into account the recommendations of the WHO. While later with the realization of a greater number of vaccines, the recommendations of the WHO gained more weight, to the point that they were the justification that the executive took to suspend the purchase of Sputnik V. On the other hand, it was verified that the little effectiveness in the distribution mechanism influenced the search of the Peruvian State to negotiate the purchase of vaccines without discriminating the origin, including Sputnik V.
The global pandemic of COVID-19 brought with it phenomena such as vaccine nationalism that questioned the capabilities and purpose of multilateral institutions defending the liberal order, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In this sense, two WHO mechanisms were put to the test in their ability to regulate and distribute vaccines: the Emergency Use List (EUL) and the Global Access Fund for COVID-19 Vaccines (Covax ). In a context of vaccine shortages, different developing countries such as Peru had difficulties obtaining vaccines against COVID-19, seeing the need to negotiate with countries challenging the liberal order such as Russia. Thus, this thesis postulates the following research question: What was the role of the WHO in the negotiation process for the purchase of the Sputnik V vaccine in Peru during 2020-2021? To answer this question, this thesis uses concepts of neoliberalism and neorealism to analyze the influence of the performance of the regulation mechanisms EUL and Covax distribution in the negotiation of the Peruvian State. Secondly, with the objective of reconstructing the facts of said negotiation, the theory of the Public Policy Formulation cycle and the Process Tracing method were applied. Finally, it is concluded that both the WHO's multilateral regulation and distribution mechanisms of vaccines would not have decisively affected the negotiation of Peru for the Sputnik V vaccine, but only partially. In other words, the regulation mechanism had little influence on the purchase authorization of Sputnik V, but had considerable relevance in its suspension. Because, the shortage of vaccines at the beginning, made the executive take less into account the recommendations of the WHO. While later with the realization of a greater number of vaccines, the recommendations of the WHO gained more weight, to the point that they were the justification that the executive took to suspend the purchase of Sputnik V. On the other hand, it was verified that the little effectiveness in the distribution mechanism influenced the search of the Peruvian State to negotiate the purchase of vaccines without discriminating the origin, including Sputnik V.
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Organización Mundial de la Salud, Pandemia de COVID-19, 2020- --Perú, Vacunas--Perú, Liberalismo--Perú, Políticas públicas--Perú
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