Control de constitucionalidad de los laudos arbitrales: el proceso de amparo como la vía específica para la tutela de derechos fundamentales
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
La regulación actual del amparo arbitral, al ser analizada desde una perspectiva
constitucional, resulta presentar muchas deficiencias y genera zonas exentas de control
constitucional. El Tribunal Constitucional ha establecido que el recurso de anulación de laudo
sería una vía igualmente satisfactoria para la tutela de derechos fundamentales afectados en
un laudo, y, con ello, ha reducido las causales de procedencia del amparo arbitral a tres, las
cuales son específicas y limitadas. Los principales hallazgos de esta investigación son que el
recurso de anulación de laudo carece de la suficiente intensidad procesal para proteger
derechos fundamentales por aspectos como la especialización del órgano jurisdiccional, los
plazos procesales, la actuación probatoria, la tutela cautelar y los costos del proceso, por lo
que no puede ser considerado como una vía igualmente satisfactoria al proceso de amparo;
asimismo, que el recurso de anulación de laudo, desde el punto de vista del Análisis
Económico del Derecho, no es la solución legal más eficaz, sino que, por el contrario, puede
generar desincentivos a la sociedad para que recurra al arbitraje. Estos hallazgos permiten
vislumbrar al proceso de amparo como la vía idónea y específica para tutelar derechos
fundamentales afectados en un laudo.
No obstante, la investigación no solo evidencia los hallazgos antes señalados, sino que
también realiza una propuesta procesal del proceso de amparo contra laudo. En efecto,
realiza una propuesta sobre la estructura de su procedimiento, estableciendo cuatro reglas
especiales que permitirán que este amparo sea célere y eficiente. De igual manera, establece
criterios que los jueces constitucionales deberán tener en cuenta para la tutela de derechos
fundamentales procesales, haciendo un especial énfasis a la tutela del derecho fundamental
a la debida motivación. Finalmente, propone la viabilidad de la tutela de derechos
fundamentales materiales, así como una fórmula, aplicada analógicamente del control
constitucional de resoluciones judiciales, que permitirá a los jueces constitucionales conocer
qué es lo que deben controlar en un laudo para no emitir pronunciamiento sobre el fondo de
la controversia.
The regulation of the amparo arbitral, when is analyzed from a constitutional perspective, reveals numerous deficiencies and creates areas exempt from constitutional control. The Constitutional Court has established that the recurso de anulación de laudo would be an equally satisfactory remedy for protecting the fundamental rights affected by an award and has thereby reduced the grounds for the amparo arbitral to three, each of which is specific and limited. The main findings of this research are that the recurso de anulación de laudo lacks sufficient procedural intensity to protect fundamental rights due to factors such as the specialization of the court, procedural deadlines, the presentation of evidence, precautionary measures, and the costs of the process, and therefore cannot be considered an equally satisfactory remedy to the amparo process. Furthermore, the recurso de anulación de laudo, from the perspective of Economic Analysis of Law, is not the most effective legal solution, but, on the contrary, may discourage society from resorting to arbitration. These findings allow us to see the amparo process as the ideal and specific process to protect fundamental rights affected by an award. However, the research not only demonstrates the aforementioned findings but also presents a procedural proposal for the amparo process against an award. Indeed, it proposes the structure of its procedure, establishing four special rules that will allow for a swift and efficient amparo. It also establishes criteria that constitutional judges must consider for the protection of procedural fundamental rights, placing special emphasis on the protection of the fundamental right to due motivation. Finally, it proposes the viability of the protection of substantive fundamental rights, as well as a formula, analogously applied to constitutional review of judicial decisions, that will allow constitutional judges to understand what they must review in an award in order to avoid issuing a ruling on the merits of the dispute.
The regulation of the amparo arbitral, when is analyzed from a constitutional perspective, reveals numerous deficiencies and creates areas exempt from constitutional control. The Constitutional Court has established that the recurso de anulación de laudo would be an equally satisfactory remedy for protecting the fundamental rights affected by an award and has thereby reduced the grounds for the amparo arbitral to three, each of which is specific and limited. The main findings of this research are that the recurso de anulación de laudo lacks sufficient procedural intensity to protect fundamental rights due to factors such as the specialization of the court, procedural deadlines, the presentation of evidence, precautionary measures, and the costs of the process, and therefore cannot be considered an equally satisfactory remedy to the amparo process. Furthermore, the recurso de anulación de laudo, from the perspective of Economic Analysis of Law, is not the most effective legal solution, but, on the contrary, may discourage society from resorting to arbitration. These findings allow us to see the amparo process as the ideal and specific process to protect fundamental rights affected by an award. However, the research not only demonstrates the aforementioned findings but also presents a procedural proposal for the amparo process against an award. Indeed, it proposes the structure of its procedure, establishing four special rules that will allow for a swift and efficient amparo. It also establishes criteria that constitutional judges must consider for the protection of procedural fundamental rights, placing special emphasis on the protection of the fundamental right to due motivation. Finally, it proposes the viability of the protection of substantive fundamental rights, as well as a formula, analogously applied to constitutional review of judicial decisions, that will allow constitutional judges to understand what they must review in an award in order to avoid issuing a ruling on the merits of the dispute.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Arbitraje y laudo--Perú, Derecho constitucional, Recurso de anulación (Derecho comunitario)--Perú, Recurso de amparo--Perú, Derechos humanos--Perú
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