Economía circular hídrica para promover proyectos inmobiliarios (reutilización de aguas residuales)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente tesis desarrolla una propuesta integral de Economía Circular Hídrica aplicada
al Proyecto Inmobiliario Munay, ubicado entre los distritos de San Juan de Lurigancho y
Comas, Lima Metropolitana.
El objetivo principal es demostrar la viabilidad técnica, económica, ambiental y social de
un sistema de reúso que permita viabilizar habilitaciones urbanas en zonas donde SEDAPAL
no puede otorgar factibilidad de servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado debido al colapso
hidráulico de sus colectores principales.
Actualmente, la falta de capacidad en la infraestructura de saneamiento público ha
paralizado numerosos desarrollos urbanos formales, incrementando el déficit de vivienda en
Lima. Frente a este escenario, el modelo Munay plantea que el promotor inmobiliario capte,
trate, infiltre, potabilice y redistribuya localmente las aguas residuales, reduciendo la carga
sobre la red pública y generando las condiciones técnicas necesarias para la obtención de la
factibilidad regulatoria.
Solución técnica planteada. El sistema propuesto, denominado Sistema Hídrico Integral
Munay, se basa en un circuito cerrado del agua, que permite abastecer 6,552 viviendas
unifamiliares y 392 lotes comerciales mediante cuatro etapas constructivas escalables. Sus
componentes principales son:
• Captación: Desvío controlado de 100 L/s del buzón 112 del colector Miguel Grau (500
mm PVC SN4), del esquema Jicamarca Anexo 22.
• Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) Munay Tecnología MBBR
(Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) con tratamiento primario, biológico y terciario, para
alcanzar un efluente con DQO ≤ 40 mg/L, apto para riego.
Impulsión y almacenamiento: Bombeo de efluente tratado hacia el Reservorio de Riego
RAG-Munay (760 m³) mediante una cámara de bombeo (CBD JIC-Munay) de 16.04
m³, con operación de 18 h/día.
• Sistema de infiltración: Área de 6,804 m² con materiales filtrantes (lana de vidrio,
Rockwool, geomembrana y suelo preparado) para recarga del subsuelo y filtración
natural.
• Planta de Tratamiento de Potabilización (PTAP Munay): Tecnología de ósmosis
inversa, con sistema de cloración, complementado con cristalización y evaporación del
rechazo, evitando descargas contaminantes.
• Reservorio de agua potable (RAP-001): Capacidad de 2,500 m³, alimentado por
gravedad desde la PTAP.
• Colector Munay: Red de PVC SN4 de 250 mm que recoge el desagüe del proyecto
(60.8 L/s) y lo redirige a la PTAR, cerrando completamente el ciclo del agua.
La capacidad modular y escalable del sistema permite atender el desarrollo del proyecto en
cuatro etapas, abarcando 6,552 viviendas unifamiliares y 392 lotes comerciales, con una
demanda total de 76 L/s y una proyección de diseño a 20 años (dotación 150 L/hab·día).
Justificación tecnológica. Las tecnologías seleccionadas responden a criterios de
eficiencia, sostenibilidad y costo-beneficio:
• La PTAR con MBBR fue elegida por su alta eficiencia en la remoción de materia
orgánica, bajo requerimiento de área (5,000 m²), estabilidad frente a cargas variables y
facilidad de operación.
• La PTAP con ósmosis inversa garantiza agua potable de alta calidad, mientras que el
sistema de cristalización y evaporación del rechazo elimina vertimientos
contaminantes.
Los lodos generados (16 m³/semana al 25 % de sólidos, 10 ton) se gestionan mediante
tornillo prensa y disposición por terceros autorizados (Admero S.A.C.), cumpliendo
con los estándares de DIGESA.
• El consumo energético total proyectado es de 280 kW para la PTAP y 110 kW para la
PTAR, optimizado mediante variadores de frecuencia y operación en horas valle.
Evaluación económica y financiera. La evaluación económico-financiera del Proyecto
Munay se desarrolla considerando el negocio inmobiliario integral, ya que la rentabilidad del
sistema hídrico no depende únicamente del CAPEX de factibilidad sanitaria, sino de su
incorporación dentro del flujo de caja total del proyecto.
El CAPEX de factibilidad hídrica asciende a S/ 64.5 millones (incluido IGV),
correspondiente exclusivamente a las obras y equipamientos necesarios para viabilizar la
factibilidad de agua potable y alcantarillado (PTAR, PTAP, reservorios, colectores, sistemas de
infiltración y automatización). Por su parte, el OPEX acumulado del sistema hídrico para el
horizonte del proyecto es de S/ 45.6 millones, asociado a los costos de energía, insumos
químicos, personal especializado, mantenimiento y disposición de residuos.
Sin embargo, estos montos no determinan por sí solos la rentabilidad del proyecto. Los
indicadores financieros del proyecto (VAN, TIR, Relación B/C y período de recuperación) se
derivan del flujo financiero total, el cual integra:
• Ingresos del proyecto inmobiliario completo: S/ 769.03 millones (ventas de 6,552
viviendas unifamiliares + 392 comerciales + ingresos por servicios sanitarios).
• Egresos totales del proyecto: S/ 629.05 millones (incluye: CAPEX inmobiliario,
CAPEX hídrico, OPEX hídrico y costos de ejecución de obras).
En este marco, el CAPEX hídrico de S/ 64.5 millones representa aprox. 10.2 % del costo
total del proyecto y es absorbido dentro de la estructura financiera del desarrollo inmobiliario.
Según el análisis financiero (vér Apéndice E) los indicadores principales son:
Tabla 1
Indicadores Principales de la Evaluación Económica y Financiera del Proyecto (VAN, TIR,
Relación B/C y Período de Recuperación)
Indicador Resultado Interpretación
VAN (a 12%) S/ 38.4 millones Proyecto altamente rentable
TIR 20.46%
Superior al costo de oportunidad del
capital
Relación B/C 1.09 Beneficio neto por cada sol invertido VP
Período de recuperación 8.1 años
Retorno dentro del horizonte del
proyecto
Nota: Elaboración propia en base a los cálculos del Apéndice E (Cashflow)
La rentabilidad demostrada corresponde al proyecto integral, sustentado en la continuidad
de las ventas inmobiliarias y en los ingresos por prestación del servicio sanitario, más que en
el CAPEX hídrico por sí solo. El modelo demuestra que el sistema de reúso es económicamente
sostenible y competitivo, incluso si el número de lotes disminuye hasta en un 16 %, validando
su replicabilidad en proyectos de menor escala.
Impactos sociales y ambientales. El proyecto genera impactos positivos directos:
• Sociales: acceso equitativo al agua, formalización urbana, mejora en la calidad de vida,
reducción de conflictos y generación de empleo local.
• Ambientales: reúso de 100 L/s de agua residual, incremento de 15 ha de áreas verdes,
reducción de emisiones de CO₂ (≈1,200 t/año) y recarga controlada del acuífero.
El sistema se alinea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS):
ODS 6: Agua limpia y saneamiento.
• ODS 11: Ciudades sostenibles.
• ODS 13: Acción por el clima.
• ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres.
Conclusión general del proyecto. El Sistema Hídrico Integral Munay demuestra que es
técnicamente factible, económicamente rentable, ambientalmente responsable y socialmente
beneficioso. Representa una alternativa concreta de solución frente a la falta de factibilidad de
SEDAPAL, liberando capacidad en sus colectores y permitiendo el desarrollo de proyectos
inmobiliarios formales en zonas de expansión urbana. Su enfoque modular, circular y replicable
constituye un modelo pionero de sostenibilidad urbana en el Perú, capaz de guiar políticas
públicas y privadas hacia un uso más eficiente, equitativo y resiliente del recurso hídrico.
This thesis presents an integrated proposal for a Circular Water Economy applied to the Munay Real Estate Development Project, located between the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and Comas in Metropolitan Lima. The main objective is to demonstrate the technical, economic, environmental, and social feasibility of a wastewater reuse system capable of enabling urban development in areas where SEDAPAL cannot grant water and sewerage service feasibility due to the hydraulic collapse of its main collectors. Currently, the lack of capacity in public sanitation infrastructure has halted numerous formal urban developments, increasing Lima’s housing deficit. In response, the Munay model proposes that the real estate developer locally captures, treats, infiltrates, potabilizes, and redistributes wastewater, thereby reducing the load on the public network and generating the technical conditions required to obtain regulatory feasibility. Technical solution. The proposed system, known as the Munay Integrated Water System, is based on a closed-water-cycle approach that supplies 6,552 residential lots and 392 commercial lots through four scalable construction phases. Its main components include: • Intake: Controlled diversion of 100 L/s from manhole No. 112 of the Miguel Grau collector (500 mm PVC SN4), Jicamarca Annex 22 scheme. • Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP – PTAR Munay): MBBR technology with primary, biological, and tertiary treatment, achieving effluent with COD ≤ 40 mg/L suitable for irrigation. • Pumping and storage: Conveyance of treated effluent to the RAG-Munay irrigation reservoir (760 m³) via the CBD JIC-Munay pumping chamber (16.04 m³), operating 18 hours/day. Infiltration system: A 6,804 m² infiltration field using fiberglass, Rockwool, geomembrane, and prepared soil for controlled aquifer recharge and natural filtration. • Potable Water Treatment Plant (PTAP Munay): Reverse osmosis system with chlorination, complemented by concentrate crystallization and evaporation to avoid pollutant discharge. • Potable water reservoir (RAP-001): 2,500 m³ capacity supplied by gravity from the PTAP. • Munay collector: 250 mm PVC SN4 network that captures project sewage flows (60.8 L/s) and returns them to the WWTP, completing the water cycle. The modular and scalable design supports the full development of the project in four phases, supplying 6,552 residential lots and 392 commercial lots with a total demand of 76 L/s and a 20-year design horizon (150 L/inhabitant·day). Technological justification. The selected technologies were chosen for efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness: • The MBBR WWTP offers high organic load removal efficiency, reduced footprint (5,000 m²), resilience to variable loads, and simplified operation. • The reverse osmosis PTAP ensures high-quality potable water, while the crystallization–evaporation system eliminates contaminated discharge. • Generated sludge (16 m³/week at 25% solids, ≈10 tons) is dewatered by screw press and disposed of by authorized third parties (Admero S.A.C.), complying with DIGESA standards. • Total projected energy demand is 280 kW for the PTAP and 110 kW for the WWTP, optimized through frequency drives and off-peak operation. Economic and financial evaluation. The financial analysis of the Munay Project considers the overall real estate business, as the profitability of the water system depends on its integration into the project’s total cash flow rather than the sanitation CAPEX alone. The water-system feasibility CAPEX amounts to S/ 64.5 million, covering the infrastructure required to secure potable water and sewerage feasibility (WWTP, PTAP, reservoirs, collectors, infiltration system, automation). The hydric-system OPEX, accumulated for the project horizon, reaches S/ 45.6 million, associated with energy, chemical reagents, specialized personnel, maintenance, and waste disposal. However, these amounts do not determine the project’s profitability by themselves. Financial indicators (NPV, IRR, B/C ratio, and payback period) arise from the total financial flow, which integrates: • Total project revenues: S/ 769.03 million (land sales from 6,552 residential lots + 392 commercial lots + revenues from sanitary services). • Total project costs: S/ 629.05 million (real estate CAPEX, hydric CAPEX, hydric OPEX, and construction costs). Within this framework, the hydric CAPEX of S/ 64.5 million represents approximately 10.2% of the total project cost and is absorbed within the financial structure of the real estate development. According to the financial analysis (see Appendix E), the main indicators are: Tabla 2 Key Economic and Financial Indicators of the Project Indicator Result Interpretation VAN (12%) S/ 38.4 millones Highly profitable project TIR 20.46% Above the cost of capital Relación B/C 1.09 Positive net benefit per sol invested VP Payback period 8.1 years Returns within project horizon Note: Prepared by the author based on calculations from Appendix E (Cashflow) The demonstrated profitability corresponds to the integrated project, sustained by ongoing real estate sales and revenues from sanitation services, rather than by the hydric CAPEX alone. The model remains financially viable even if the number of lots decreases by up to 16%, validating its replicability in smaller-scale developments. Social and environmental impacts. The project generates direct positive impacts: • Social: equitable access to water, formal urban development, improved quality of life, conflict reduction, and local job creation. • Environmental: reuse of 100 L/s of wastewater, creation of 15 hectares of green areas, reduction of CO₂ emissions (≈1,200 t/year), and controlled aquifer recharge. The system aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): • SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) • SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) • SDG 13 (Climate Action) • SDG 15 (Life on Land) General conclusion. The Munay Integrated Water System is technically feasible, economically profitable, environmentally responsible, and socially beneficial. It provides a concrete alternative to overcome SEDAPAL’s feasibility limitations, freeing capacity in public collectors and enabling formal urban development in expansion zones. Its modular, circular, and replicable approach establishes a pioneering model of urban sustainability in Peru, capable of guiding both public and private policies toward a more efficient, equitable, and resilient use of water resources.
This thesis presents an integrated proposal for a Circular Water Economy applied to the Munay Real Estate Development Project, located between the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and Comas in Metropolitan Lima. The main objective is to demonstrate the technical, economic, environmental, and social feasibility of a wastewater reuse system capable of enabling urban development in areas where SEDAPAL cannot grant water and sewerage service feasibility due to the hydraulic collapse of its main collectors. Currently, the lack of capacity in public sanitation infrastructure has halted numerous formal urban developments, increasing Lima’s housing deficit. In response, the Munay model proposes that the real estate developer locally captures, treats, infiltrates, potabilizes, and redistributes wastewater, thereby reducing the load on the public network and generating the technical conditions required to obtain regulatory feasibility. Technical solution. The proposed system, known as the Munay Integrated Water System, is based on a closed-water-cycle approach that supplies 6,552 residential lots and 392 commercial lots through four scalable construction phases. Its main components include: • Intake: Controlled diversion of 100 L/s from manhole No. 112 of the Miguel Grau collector (500 mm PVC SN4), Jicamarca Annex 22 scheme. • Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP – PTAR Munay): MBBR technology with primary, biological, and tertiary treatment, achieving effluent with COD ≤ 40 mg/L suitable for irrigation. • Pumping and storage: Conveyance of treated effluent to the RAG-Munay irrigation reservoir (760 m³) via the CBD JIC-Munay pumping chamber (16.04 m³), operating 18 hours/day. Infiltration system: A 6,804 m² infiltration field using fiberglass, Rockwool, geomembrane, and prepared soil for controlled aquifer recharge and natural filtration. • Potable Water Treatment Plant (PTAP Munay): Reverse osmosis system with chlorination, complemented by concentrate crystallization and evaporation to avoid pollutant discharge. • Potable water reservoir (RAP-001): 2,500 m³ capacity supplied by gravity from the PTAP. • Munay collector: 250 mm PVC SN4 network that captures project sewage flows (60.8 L/s) and returns them to the WWTP, completing the water cycle. The modular and scalable design supports the full development of the project in four phases, supplying 6,552 residential lots and 392 commercial lots with a total demand of 76 L/s and a 20-year design horizon (150 L/inhabitant·day). Technological justification. The selected technologies were chosen for efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness: • The MBBR WWTP offers high organic load removal efficiency, reduced footprint (5,000 m²), resilience to variable loads, and simplified operation. • The reverse osmosis PTAP ensures high-quality potable water, while the crystallization–evaporation system eliminates contaminated discharge. • Generated sludge (16 m³/week at 25% solids, ≈10 tons) is dewatered by screw press and disposed of by authorized third parties (Admero S.A.C.), complying with DIGESA standards. • Total projected energy demand is 280 kW for the PTAP and 110 kW for the WWTP, optimized through frequency drives and off-peak operation. Economic and financial evaluation. The financial analysis of the Munay Project considers the overall real estate business, as the profitability of the water system depends on its integration into the project’s total cash flow rather than the sanitation CAPEX alone. The water-system feasibility CAPEX amounts to S/ 64.5 million, covering the infrastructure required to secure potable water and sewerage feasibility (WWTP, PTAP, reservoirs, collectors, infiltration system, automation). The hydric-system OPEX, accumulated for the project horizon, reaches S/ 45.6 million, associated with energy, chemical reagents, specialized personnel, maintenance, and waste disposal. However, these amounts do not determine the project’s profitability by themselves. Financial indicators (NPV, IRR, B/C ratio, and payback period) arise from the total financial flow, which integrates: • Total project revenues: S/ 769.03 million (land sales from 6,552 residential lots + 392 commercial lots + revenues from sanitary services). • Total project costs: S/ 629.05 million (real estate CAPEX, hydric CAPEX, hydric OPEX, and construction costs). Within this framework, the hydric CAPEX of S/ 64.5 million represents approximately 10.2% of the total project cost and is absorbed within the financial structure of the real estate development. According to the financial analysis (see Appendix E), the main indicators are: Tabla 2 Key Economic and Financial Indicators of the Project Indicator Result Interpretation VAN (12%) S/ 38.4 millones Highly profitable project TIR 20.46% Above the cost of capital Relación B/C 1.09 Positive net benefit per sol invested VP Payback period 8.1 years Returns within project horizon Note: Prepared by the author based on calculations from Appendix E (Cashflow) The demonstrated profitability corresponds to the integrated project, sustained by ongoing real estate sales and revenues from sanitation services, rather than by the hydric CAPEX alone. The model remains financially viable even if the number of lots decreases by up to 16%, validating its replicability in smaller-scale developments. Social and environmental impacts. The project generates direct positive impacts: • Social: equitable access to water, formal urban development, improved quality of life, conflict reduction, and local job creation. • Environmental: reuse of 100 L/s of wastewater, creation of 15 hectares of green areas, reduction of CO₂ emissions (≈1,200 t/year), and controlled aquifer recharge. The system aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): • SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) • SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) • SDG 13 (Climate Action) • SDG 15 (Life on Land) General conclusion. The Munay Integrated Water System is technically feasible, economically profitable, environmentally responsible, and socially beneficial. It provides a concrete alternative to overcome SEDAPAL’s feasibility limitations, freeing capacity in public collectors and enabling formal urban development in expansion zones. Its modular, circular, and replicable approach establishes a pioneering model of urban sustainability in Peru, capable of guiding both public and private policies toward a more efficient, equitable, and resilient use of water resources.
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Palabras clave
Proyectos inmobiliarios, Construcción sostenible, Multifamiliares--Diseño y construcción, Abastecimiento de agua, Economía ambiental
Citación
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