Exposición y riesgos por bifenilos policlorados en Cachimayo, Cusco
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Los bifenilos policlorados representan una seria amenaza ambiental y para la salud. A
pesar de su prohibición hace décadas, esta amenaza persiste debido a la deficiente
gestión de sus residuos y existencias, así como a la posibilidad de liberaciones
inadvertidas. Si bien existen lineamientos y normativas para su manejo adecuado, la
falta de un inventario nacional actualizado y exhaustivo, así como de mecanismos de
supervisión y fiscalización ambiental dificulta el manejo y la eliminación efectiva de estos
compuestos tóxicos. En consecuencia, la presente investigación discute hasta qué
punto los indicios de contaminación por bifenilos policlorados en un almacén
representarían una amenaza para el ecosistema y la salud de los habitantes del centro
poblado de Cachimayo, en el departamento de Cusco, Perú. Inicialmente, se analiza la
evidencia científica general sobre la utilización, producción y prohibición de los bifenilos
policlorados. Se muestran las consecuencias de los bifenilos policlorados en el
ambiente, la salud humana y la gestión ambiental. Luego, con el fin de determinar el
riesgo de cáncer y la peligrosidad por exposición a estos compuestos tóxicos, se
reseñan las pautas de calidad ambiental, límites superiores de probabilidad de contraer
cáncer y coeficientes de peligrosidad. Posteriormente, se detalla la metodología
empleada para la caracterización socioambiental del centro poblado de Cachimayo y la
investigación de la evolución del manejo del almacén de Corimarca. Además, se incluye
el muestreo y análisis de reconocimiento y de identificación de suelo y sedimentos, así
como la valoración del riesgo a la salud asociado a la exposición a bifenilos policlorados
en niños y adultos del centro poblado. Los resultados de la investigación indican que,
en un principio, el almacén de Corimarca carecía de las condiciones adecuadas para el
almacenamiento de sustancias contaminantes, como los bifenilos policlorados. En 2016,
la supervisión al almacén por parte del Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización
Ambiental, adscrito al Ministerio del Ambiente, fue limitada. Esto se debe a que este
organismo solo observó el incumplimiento de la prohibición de almacenar residuos en
terrenos abiertos y de las condiciones mínimas de un almacén. Además, solo
mencionaba riesgos potenciales, sin realizar mediciones ni análisis para dimensionar
los riesgos. En ese momento no había legislación específica sobre la gestión de bifenilos
policlorados, la cual fue promulgada el año 2021. Tras ello, el mencionado organismo
solo dictó medidas correctivas ante los incumplimientos hallados, ya que en ese
momento se encontraba vigente una ley que priorizaba la corrección antes que la
sanción. Según lo indicado por la empresa, esta cumplió con las medidas correctivas
establecidas por el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental después de la
supervisión en 2016. Asimismo, se indicó que el almacén de Corimarca se encuentra
acondicionado como un almacén temporal de materiales. No obstante, a la fecha la
empresa no ha verificado si el almacén de Corimarca es un sitio contaminado.
Posteriormente, la información de campo para la presente tesis reportó indicios de
bifenilos policlorados en el suelo aledaño al almacén. Si bien los niveles de bifenilos
policlorados identificados fueron bajos, fueron cuantificables (esto es, superiores al
límite de cuantificación analítico), pero sin exceder los estándares de calidad ambiental
para suelos. Contrariamente, los análisis de los sedimentos de la quebrada Huaynanica,
colindante al almacén de Corimarca, detectaron niveles de bifenilos policlorados en
concentraciones no cuantificables, es decir, por debajo del límite de cuantificación
analítico. Estos valores también se encontraron por debajo de los valores de referencia
canadienses de calidad ambiental para sedimentos. Posteriormente, los resultados de
la investigación realizada para esta tesis sobre la evolución del manejo del almacén y
los análisis de suelo llevados a cabo en áreas aledañas, permitieron catalogar el
almacén como un área de potencial interés, debido a la posible presencia de bifenilos
policlorados. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos en los análisis de las muestras
recolectadas dentro del almacén no evidenciaron concentraciones de bifenilos
policlorados superiores a los límites de cuantificación analítico y a los estándares de
calidad ambiental para suelo. No obstante, con una perspectiva de precaución, se
adoptó un enfoque conservador al asumir la posible presencia de estos compuestos en
el suelo, incluso en niveles no cuantificables, para la posterior evaluación de riesgos.
Por consiguiente, al evaluar los riesgos, se calcularon las dosis estimadas de exposición
cancerígena y no cancerígena por vía de ingesta, contacto dérmico e inhalación para
adultos y niños. Al multiplicar estas dosis por los factores de riesgo de cáncer y las dosis
de referencia correspondientes a cada vía de exposición, el estudio determinó los
riesgos totales por exposición a los bifenilos policlorados para adultos y niños.
Finalmente, basados en los límites superiores de probabilidad y coeficientes de
peligrosidad dictados por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos y la
Sociedad Estadounidense para Pruebas y Materiales, los niveles de riesgos de cáncer
calculados resultan extremadamente bajos, tanto para residentes adultos como para
niños del centro poblado de Cachimayo. Los riesgos no cancerígenos o tóxicos también
resultaron ser considerablemente inferiores al coeficiente de peligrosidad establecido
por las mencionadas entidades estadounidenses. El estudio permite concluir que es muy
poco probable que la exposición a los bifenilos policlorados del almacén de Corimarca
generen efectos adversos en la salud de la población de Cachimayo.
Polychlorinated biphenyls represent a serious environmental and health threat. Despite their prohibition decades ago, this threat persists due to the inadequate management of their waste and existing stockpiles, as well as the possibility of inadvertent releases. Although guidelines and regulations exist for their proper handling, the lack of an updated and comprehensive national inventory, along with insufficient environmental supervision and oversight mechanisms, hinders the effective management and elimination of these toxic compounds. Consequently, the present investigation discusses the extent to which indications of polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in a warehouse could pose a threat to the ecosystem and the health of the inhabitants of Cachimayo village, in the department of Cusco, Peru. Initially, the general scientific evidence regarding the use, production, and prohibition of polychlorinated biphenyls is analyzed. The consequences of polychlorinated biphenyls on the environment, human health, and environmental management are presented. Subsequently, to determine the cancer risk and hazard associated with exposure to these toxic compounds, environmental quality guidelines, upper-bound probability limits for contracting cancer, and hazard quotients are reviewed. Following this, the methodology employed for the socio-environmental characterization of Cachimayo village and the investigation into the evolution of the Corimarca warehouse's management are detailed. Furthermore, the sampling and analysis for recognition and identification of soil and sediments are included, as well as the health risk assessment associated with polychlorinated biphenyls exposure to children and adults of the village. The research results indicate that, initially, the Corimarca warehouse lacked adequate conditions for storing contaminating substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls. In 2016, the supervision of the warehouse by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency, an entity under the Ministry of Environment, was limited. This was because the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency only observed non-compliance with the prohibition of storing waste in open areas and with minimum warehouse conditions. Moreover, it only mentioned potential risks without conducting measurements or analyses to quantify them. At that time, there was no specific legislation on polychlorinated biphenyls management, which was promulgated in 2021. Consequently, the agency only dictated corrective measures for the detected non-compliances, as a law prioritizing correction over sanction was in force at that time. According to the company, it complied with the corrective measures established by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency after the 2016 supervision. Likewise, it was indicated that the Corimarca warehouse is currently adapted as a temporary materials storage facility. However, to date, the company has not verified whether the Corimarca warehouse is a contaminated site. Subsequently, the field information for this thesis reported indications of polychlorinated biphenyls in the soil adjacent to the warehouse. Although the identified polychlorinated biphenyls levels were low, they were quantifiable (i.e., above the analytical quantification limit) but did not exceed the environmental quality standards for soils. Conversely, analyses of sediments from the Huaynanica creek, adjacent to the Corimarca warehouse, detected nonquantifiable polychlorinated biphenyls levels, meaning they were below the analytical quantification limit. These values were also below Canadian environmental quality reference values for sediments. Following the results of the investigation into the evolution of the warehouse's management and the soil analyses in surrounding areas, the warehouse was categorized as an area of potential concern due to the possible presence of polychlorinated biphenyls. However, the results obtained from the analyses of samples collected inside the warehouse did not show polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations exceeding the analytical quantification limits or the environmental quality standards for soil. Similarly, even though the detected polychlorinated biphenyls levels were below the quantification limit, a conservative approach has been adopted, assuming the possibility that these compounds are present in the soil. Therefore, when evaluating the risks, estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure doses were calculated via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation for adults and children. By multiplying these doses by the cancer risk factors and reference doses corresponding to each exposure pathway, the study determined the total risks from polychlorinated biphenyls exposure for adults and children. Finally, based on the upper-bound probability limits and hazard quotients stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the American Society for Testing and Materials, the calculated cancer risk levels are extremely low for both adult residents and children of Cachimayo village. Noncarcinogenic or toxic risks also proved to be considerably lower than the hazard quotient established by the U.S. entities. The study concludes that it is highly unlikely that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls from the Corimarca warehouse would generate adverse health effects in the population of Cachimayo.
Polychlorinated biphenyls represent a serious environmental and health threat. Despite their prohibition decades ago, this threat persists due to the inadequate management of their waste and existing stockpiles, as well as the possibility of inadvertent releases. Although guidelines and regulations exist for their proper handling, the lack of an updated and comprehensive national inventory, along with insufficient environmental supervision and oversight mechanisms, hinders the effective management and elimination of these toxic compounds. Consequently, the present investigation discusses the extent to which indications of polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in a warehouse could pose a threat to the ecosystem and the health of the inhabitants of Cachimayo village, in the department of Cusco, Peru. Initially, the general scientific evidence regarding the use, production, and prohibition of polychlorinated biphenyls is analyzed. The consequences of polychlorinated biphenyls on the environment, human health, and environmental management are presented. Subsequently, to determine the cancer risk and hazard associated with exposure to these toxic compounds, environmental quality guidelines, upper-bound probability limits for contracting cancer, and hazard quotients are reviewed. Following this, the methodology employed for the socio-environmental characterization of Cachimayo village and the investigation into the evolution of the Corimarca warehouse's management are detailed. Furthermore, the sampling and analysis for recognition and identification of soil and sediments are included, as well as the health risk assessment associated with polychlorinated biphenyls exposure to children and adults of the village. The research results indicate that, initially, the Corimarca warehouse lacked adequate conditions for storing contaminating substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls. In 2016, the supervision of the warehouse by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency, an entity under the Ministry of Environment, was limited. This was because the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency only observed non-compliance with the prohibition of storing waste in open areas and with minimum warehouse conditions. Moreover, it only mentioned potential risks without conducting measurements or analyses to quantify them. At that time, there was no specific legislation on polychlorinated biphenyls management, which was promulgated in 2021. Consequently, the agency only dictated corrective measures for the detected non-compliances, as a law prioritizing correction over sanction was in force at that time. According to the company, it complied with the corrective measures established by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency after the 2016 supervision. Likewise, it was indicated that the Corimarca warehouse is currently adapted as a temporary materials storage facility. However, to date, the company has not verified whether the Corimarca warehouse is a contaminated site. Subsequently, the field information for this thesis reported indications of polychlorinated biphenyls in the soil adjacent to the warehouse. Although the identified polychlorinated biphenyls levels were low, they were quantifiable (i.e., above the analytical quantification limit) but did not exceed the environmental quality standards for soils. Conversely, analyses of sediments from the Huaynanica creek, adjacent to the Corimarca warehouse, detected nonquantifiable polychlorinated biphenyls levels, meaning they were below the analytical quantification limit. These values were also below Canadian environmental quality reference values for sediments. Following the results of the investigation into the evolution of the warehouse's management and the soil analyses in surrounding areas, the warehouse was categorized as an area of potential concern due to the possible presence of polychlorinated biphenyls. However, the results obtained from the analyses of samples collected inside the warehouse did not show polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations exceeding the analytical quantification limits or the environmental quality standards for soil. Similarly, even though the detected polychlorinated biphenyls levels were below the quantification limit, a conservative approach has been adopted, assuming the possibility that these compounds are present in the soil. Therefore, when evaluating the risks, estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure doses were calculated via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation for adults and children. By multiplying these doses by the cancer risk factors and reference doses corresponding to each exposure pathway, the study determined the total risks from polychlorinated biphenyls exposure for adults and children. Finally, based on the upper-bound probability limits and hazard quotients stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the American Society for Testing and Materials, the calculated cancer risk levels are extremely low for both adult residents and children of Cachimayo village. Noncarcinogenic or toxic risks also proved to be considerably lower than the hazard quotient established by the U.S. entities. The study concludes that it is highly unlikely that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls from the Corimarca warehouse would generate adverse health effects in the population of Cachimayo.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Control ambiental--Perú--Cuzco, Contaminación ambiental--Evaluación de riesgos--Perú--Cuzco, Bifenilos policromados, Gestión ambiental
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